Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Percent trunk circumference circled with roots >3 mm diameter (harvested from #15 containers) at the #3 container position following shaving or not when shifting eight types of #3 containers (shaving removed the outer 3 cm of the root ball periphery and bottom) into #15 containers. zBars with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 5. See Table 1 for descriptions of container types.
- Figure 2.
Number of radial roots (roots >2 mm diameter growing straight, with less than a 45 degree turn, from trunk reaching #15 container wall) measured between #3 and #15 container wall positions on trees where root balls were shaved or not when shifted into eight #15 container types (shaving removed the outer 3 cm of the root ball periphery and bottom). zBars with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 5. See Table 1 for descriptions of container types.
- Figure 3.
Number of radial roots (roots >2 mm diameter growing straight, with less than a 45 degree turn, from trunk reaching #45 container wall) measured between #15 and #45 container wall positions on trees where root balls were shaved or not when shifted into eight #45 container types (shaving removed the outer 3 cm of the root ball periphery and bottom). zBars with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 5. See Table 1 for descriptions of container types.
- Figure 4.
A) Root system from #45 container not root pruned when shifting showing the prominent imprint from the #3 container (largest roots circling and descending center and top left) and a smaller imprint from the #15 container (circling roots bottom right). B) Root system from #45 container shaved when #3 and #15 were shifted to the larger container showing no #3 or #15 container imprint; there is a prominent imprint from the liner showing at least half the trunk circled with roots growing tight against the trunk. Liner root balls were not shaved when shifted into #3 containers. Note: Photographs were taken several months after trees were washed, which explains the cracked and dried appearance of trunk and root bark.
Tables
- Table 1.
Manufacturer, dimensions, and abbreviations for eight types of #15 and #45 containers.
Manufacturer and abbreviation Substrate fill height/container top diameter at fill height (cm) Substrate volume (cm3) #15 #45 #15 #45 Air-Pot® - AP 33/46 40/76 54,210 182,437 Caledonian Tree Company, Ltd. Scotland Cool Ring™ - CR 29/44 41/76 45,328 185,333 The Cool Ring™ Company Lakeland, Florida, U.S. Fanntum™ - FN 24/51 54/76 45,331 149,097 Fanntum Products, Inc. Statesville, North Carolina, U.S. JackPot™ - JP 31/39 36/61 38,651 103,787 Legacy Nursery Products, LLC Palm City, Florida, U.S. RootBuilder® II – RB 38/42 38/69 52,559 140,737 Rootmaker® Products Company, LLC Huntsville, Alabama, U.S. RootTrapper® II – RTz 31/43 30/74 44,634 127,182 Rootmaker® Products Company, LLC Huntsville, Alabama, U.S. Smart Pot Pro® - SP 31/44 46/62 47,299 139,058 Root Control, Inc. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S. Smooth-sided, solid-walled – SS 35/44 47/61 44,710 167,703 Nursery Supplies, Inc. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. ↵z Grown in #3 Rootmaker II® (RM) prior to shifting into RT (see Gilman et al. 2010a for details).
- Table 2.
Trunk diameter and height of the finished crop of ‘Florida Flame’ red maple harvested from eight container types in three sizes.
Container type Finished trees in #3 containers Finished trees in #15 containers Finished trees in #45 containers Trunk diameter (mm) Tree height (m) Trunk diameter (mm) Tree height (m) Trunk diameter (mm) Tree height (m) APz 17 abcy 2.2 a 42 ab 2.9 a 70 ab 5.3 CR 16 c 1.9 b 38 d 2.7 b 67 dc 5.4 FN 17 ab 2.1 a 41 bc 2.8 ab 68 bcd 5.4 JP 15 d 2.0 b 38 d 2.7 b 66 d 5.3 RB 18 a 2.2 a 40 c 2.7 b 67 d 5.4 RT 18 a 2.2 a 41 bc 2.8 ab 69 bc 5.5 SP 17 bc 2.1 a 43 a 2.8 ab 69 abc 5.4 SS 17 ab 2.2 a 43 a 2.8 ab 71 a 5.5 ↵z See Table 1 for descriptions. Trees in #3, #15, and #45 containers for 7, 9, and 15 months, respectively.
↵y Means in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 48 for #3, 36 for #15, and 20 for #45 containers, averaged across root pruning due to insignificant interaction (P > 0.31).
- Table 3.
Effect of container type on root ball attributes of ‘Florida Flame’ red maple harvested from eight #15 container types.
Container type % trees graded as cull at #3 container positionz % trees with roots >5 mm diameter over root collar within #3 container dimensions Diameter of five largest roots at #3 container position (mm)y % of five largest roots at #3 container positiony in the top half of #15 root ball that ascended APx 40 abw 20 bc 12.5 abc 2 b CR 40 ab 20 bc 12.7 ab 2 b FN 40 ab 50 abc 6.4 d 7 b JP 30 b 10 c 5.7 d 0 b RB 80 a 20 bc 11.8 abc 2 b RT 60 ab 80 a 8.0 bcd 16 a SP 40 ab 60 ab 7.8 cd 0 b SS 70 ab 40 abc 13.5 a 4 b ↵z Based on roots in the top 5 cm of root ball according to Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants (Anonymous 2015); a cull occurs when there is one (or more) root greater than one-tenth the trunk diameter in the top half of the root ball growing more than one-third around the root ball. Trees in #3 and #15 containers for 7 and 9 months, respectively.
↵y Roots measured at the position of the #3 container, before descending, circling, kinking, ascending, or growing straight into #15 substrate; only ascending roots were significant. Ascended = grew up or around at >45 degree angle to horizontal; descended = grew down or around at >45 degree angle to horizontal; circling = grew around, down, or up at <45 degree angle to horizontal; kinked = grew back toward the trunk after striking container wall. There was no difference among types in the bottom half of the root balls.
↵x See Table 1 for descriptions.
↵w Means in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 10 averaged across root pruning treatment due to insignificant interaction (P > 0.22).
- Table 4.
Effects of root pruning #3 root balls when shifting ‘Florida Flame’ red maple into #15 containers on attributes of harvested trees in #15 containers.
Root pruningz % trees graded as cull at #3 container positiony % trees with roots >5 mm diameter over root collar within #3 container dimensions Diameter five largest roots at #3 container position (mm)x Diameter of five largest roots on northern periphery of #15 root ball (mm)w Diameter of five largest roots on southern periphery of #15 root ball (mm)w % of five largest roots at #3 container position in the top half of root ball that eitherv Circled Ascended None 78 au 48 a 12.7 a 4.5 b 4.2 b 40 a 6 a Shaved 23 b 27 b 6.9 b 6.0 a 5.2 a 18 b 1 b ↵z Shaving removed the outer 3 cm of the root ball periphery and bottom. Trees in #3 and 15 containers for 7 and 9 months, respectively.
↵y Based on roots in the top 5 cm of root ball according to Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants (Anonymous 2015); a cull occurs when there is one (or more) root greater than one-tenth the trunk diameter in the top half of the root ball growing more than one-third around the root ball.
↵x Roots measured at the position of the #3 container, before descending, circling, kinking, ascending, or growing straight into #15 substrate.
↵w Roots in the outer 3 cm in the north or south 180 degree circumference of root ball.
↵v Percentage (54%) descending plus kinked roots was not changed by root pruning.
↵u Means in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.01; n = 40, averaged across eight container types due to insignificant interaction (P > 0.07).
- Table 5.
Root attributes in the north and south half of harvested #15 and #45 red maple root balls.
Cardinal direction No. of radial roots in #15z No. of radial roots in #45y Diameter of five largest roots on #15 root ball periphery (mm)x Diameter of five largest roots on #45 root ball periphery (mm)x North 180 degrees 30 aw 64 ax 5.8 a 6.7 a South 180 degrees 27 b 51 b 4.8 b 5.7 b ↵z Number of roots >2 mm diameter growing straight (with less than a 45 degree turn) from trunk between #3 and #15 container position. Trees in #3, #15, and #45 containers for 7, 9, and 15 months, respectively.
↵y Number of roots >2 mm diameter growing straight (with less than a 45 degree turn) from trunk between #15 and #45 container position.
↵x Roots in the outer 3 cm in the north or south half of root ball; no other root attributes were significant.
↵w Means in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.01; n = 80, averaged across container type and root pruning due to insignificant interactions (P > 0.10).
- Table 6.
Root ball attributes of ‘Florida Flame’ red maple harvested from eight different #45 container types.
Container type Diameter of five largest roots on north periphery of #45 root ball (mm)z Diameter of five largest roots on south periphery of #45 root ball (mm)z Diameter of five largest roots at position of #3 root ball (mm)y APx 6.0 cw 4.7 b 6.7 bc CR 7.8 ab 5.8 ab 11.0 a FN 8.2 a 7.0 a 10.7 a JP 5.7 c 5.4 ab 9.5 ab RB 6.3 bc 5.6 ab 5.7 c RT 6.9 abc 5.7 ab 7.2 bc SP 6.4 bc 7.0 a 10.8 a SS 6.4 bc 4.5 b 6.3 c ↵z Roots in the outer 3 cm in the north or south 180 degree circumference of root ball. Trees in #3, #15, and #45 containers for 7, 9, and 15 months, respectively.
↵y Measured at the position of the #3 container, before descending, circling, kinking, ascending, or growing straight into #15 substrate.
↵x See Table 1 for descriptions.
↵w Means in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05; n = 10, averaged across root pruning treatment due to insignificant interaction (P > 0.20).
- Table 7.
Effect of root pruning #3 and #15 root balls when shifting to the larger container size on root attributes of ‘Florida Flame’ red maple in #45 containers.
Root pruningz % trees graded as cull at #3 container positiony % trees graded as a cull at #15 container positiony % trees with roots >5 mm diameter over root collar within #3 container dimension Diameter of five largest roots at #15 container position (mm)x Diameter of five largest roots on north periphery of #45 root ball (mm)w Diameter of five largest roots on south periphery of #45 root ball (mm)w None 95.0 av 50.0 a 90.0 a 10.7 a 5.3 bA 4.8 bB Shaved 42.5 b 2.5 b 38.0 b 6.3 b 8.1 aA 6.7 aB ↵z Shaving removed the outer 3 cm of the root ball periphery and bottom. Trees in #3, #15, and #45 containers for 7, 9, and 15 months, respectively.
↵y Based on roots in the top 5 cm of root ball according to Florida Grades and Standards for Nursery Plants (Anonymous 2005); a cull occurs when there is one (or more) root greater than one-tenth the trunk diameter in the top half of the root ball growing more than one-third around the root ball. No culls occurred in #45 containers.
↵x Measured at the position of the #15 container, before descending, circling, kinking, ascending, or growing straight into #45 container substrate.
↵w Roots in the outer 3 cm in the north or south half of root ball.
↵v Means in a column (lower case) or row (upper case) with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.001; n = 40, averaged across eight container types due to insignificant interaction (P > 0.15).
- Table 8.
Effects of container type on percent trunk circled with roots >3 mm diameter at three positions in #45 containers.
Container type Root pruningz % trunk circled at #3 container position (%) % trunk circled at #15 container position (%) % trunk circled at #45 container position (%) APy Shaved 41 fx 17 f 18 b None 82 bc 39 de 16 bc CR Shaved 64 de 7 f 5 ghi None 90 ab 51 bc 8 efg FN Shaved 23 g 7 g 11 de None 75 c 56 ab 4 hi JP Shaved 38.6 f 8 g 25 a None 63.6 e 64 a 13 cd RB Shaved 51 e 6 g 12 cd None 88 ab 54 bc 6 fgh RT Shaved 34 f 1 h 5 gh None 91 ab 35 e 9 def SP Shaved 36 f 14 f 12 cd None 74 cd 39 de 3 i SS Shaved 37 f 5 g 12 cd None 96 a 47 cd 19 b
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