Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Maintenance directly impacts tree structure, which in turn impacts the functions and benefits provided by the urban forest.
- Figure 2.
Hypothetical cost and benefit profiles over the life-time of an individual tree (street tree), with (solid lines) and without (dashed lines) adequate maintenance. Benefits are maximized during the mature phase of a tree, and decline rapidly through senescence, while costs show an inverse pattern. Compare the benefits and costs profiles over the course of a tree’s life cycle in this figure to the profiles over the tree size classes in Figure 5. Note that the benefits and costs profiles for an individual tree will vary depending on the tree’s location, the party benefiting from and incurring costs of the tree, and other factors (weather, etc.). Figure modified from Vogt et al. (2014).
- Figure 3.
Sources of articles from within the field of arboriculture/urban forestry (inset pie chart) and the number of articles published per year (solid line) and cumulatively (dashed line) in the two flagship journals in the field, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry and Urban Forestry & Urban Greening related to the costs of tree maintenance.
- Figure 4.
Number of articles examining each type of maintenance. Articles examining more than two distinct types of maintenance or in which maintenance activities were not disaggregated are designated Multiple/Many. Maintenance activities included in Other: staking, wrapping trees against salt or frost damage, inventorying, and forest (stand) management practices.
- Figure 5.
Tree value increases as the size of trees increase (top). The cost of tree maintenance varies by life stage of tree and maintenance requirement (bottom). Figure reprinted from McPherson (2003).
- Figure 6.
a) Relationship between pruning cycle length (number of years since last pruning) and CTLA condition class rating. Asterisk (*) indicates regression is significant at the 0.05 level. b) Marginal cost (loss of tree value) and marginal return (savings in pruning costs) for pruning cycle lengths. Figure reprinted from Miller and Sylvester (1981).
Tables
Type of cost Examples Direct costs (of provisioning and maintaining trees) Planting, pruning, watering, other types of maintenance Infrastructure interference costs Pavement and sewer repair, blockage of signs, tree-initiated power outages Externality-related costs Emissions of biogenic VOCs, release of carbon dioxide during decomposition, allergies due to pollen release, leaf/debris clean-up Opportunity costs Space for trees cannot be used for parking, bike lanes, etc. - Table 2.
Cost savings (in 2013$) resulting from watering during establishment for six different planting packaging types. (Based on data presented by Gilman 2001. Original costs in Gilman (2001), from which these values were calculated, were assumed to be published in 2000$.] All currency is in USD$.
Treatment Cost per live tree Summer
irrigationNo summer
irrigationSavings
(per tree)Percent
savingsPlastic container $602 $795 $193 32.1 Plastic container with SpinOut $602 $1,061 $459 76.2 Air root-pruning (ARP) $602 $909 $307 51.0 Low-profile ARP container $602 $1,591 $989 164.3 Root-pruned, field-grown B&B $518 $371 −$147 −28.4 Non-root-pruned, field-grown B&B $518 $518 $0.00 0.0 Element Explanation Examples Type The particular maintenance activity Prune, mulch, stake, etc. Who Party physically performing maintenance activity City tree crews, contracted certified arborist, nonprofit, adjacent homeowner, etc. Intensity How much 20% of the crown, 18.9 L or 57.8 L of water, etc. Frequency How often A four- or six-year pruning cycle, once per week, etc. Duration How long For just the first growing season after transplanting, throughout a tree’s life, etc. Extent What part of a tree or which trees Branches below 4.3 m clearance level, all trees in a city, trees on heavily traveled road corridors, trees in a downtown area, etc. ATTRIBUTE EXPLANATION (Values) Citation key Unique article identifier for referencing the article in the text of the literature review, composed of the last name of the author(s), “et al.” if more than 2 authors, the four-digit year of publication, and a, b, c, etc., if more than one article was published by that author in that year. Authors Full list of all authors in the format: Last, First; Last, First;... (for authors with initials only: Last, F M) Date Year of publication Title Full title of the article, including subtitle if applicable Keywords List of publication-assigned keywords Publication Full name of the journal or publication in which the article was published Volume Volume number of publication Issue Issue number of publication Pages Page numbers in publication in which article appears Discipline What discipline is the article from? Arboriculture/UF (articles from within the field of urban forestry) [name of discipline] (for articles from outside the field) Review, Original, or Opinion Is the article a Review of available literature, or an Original research study presenting original data, or an Opinion (personal experience) piece? City of research Location of study performed: City, State, Country, or N/A Research Question Brief statement of the article’s research question, problem, or objective Type of cost or benefit Type of cost or benefit incurred due to maintenance or management activities (or lack thereof): Economic (labor, capital, dollars, etc.), Not Economic (e.g., social, community social capital, cultural, human health & well-being, ecological or environmental, other non-economic costs) Type of cost or benefit - describe More detailed text description of the type of cost or benefit analyzed, e.g., Ecological, Economic (utilitarian), etc. Outcome variable(s) Dependent variable(s) used in analysis Type of care Type of care or maintenance activity being undertaken or not undertaken: Planting, Pruning, Mulching, Watering, Removing, Appraisal, Pest/Disease Management, etc. Care details Details of the type of care examined in the article, or the types of care considered in analyses of costs of care Independent variable(s) List of specific independent variable(s) used in analysis, including any control variables. Stage of life of trees Stage of life of trees studied: Recently planted, Young, Semi-mature, Mature, Senescent, or All Empirical versus Subjective Method of cost or benefit assessment is Empirical (uses real data of some sort, including reviews that summarize results of data collected by others) or Subjective (includes a more qualitative assessment of costs and benefits, without any actual data). Cannot be N/A—studies either make use of data, or they do not. Type of economic analysis For economic studies only: Direct cost measurement, Hedonic pricing (econometrics), Willingness-to-pay, Contingent valuation (contingent choice), Appraisal value, Historical cost method, Current value, Net market value, Replacement cost, Deprival value, Other social survey, Cost-benefit analysis, Cost efficiency analysis, Cost effectiveness analysis, Qualitative (for all studies that use some sort of non-monetary qualitative method of assessment), N/A (for studies that do not use a type of cost assessment method) Framework Brief, general description of the valuation or framework as it might be useful to assessing the costs of not maintaining trees Results General notes on the results of the study Language Language the article is written in Links Links to online sources (e.g., a supplementary online materials or online appendix; direct link to the article text if available online, etc.) Other Notes Any other notes on the article Inferred or calculated “Cost”? Are the costs “calculated” in any way (direct or otherwise), or can they merely be “inferred” from the article? Full Citation Citation in APA style based on bibliographic information Abstract Full text of the abstract Anno Bib Blurb A brief paragraph explaining how the article is useful to the literature review. References cited? Number of sources listed in literature cited
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