Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Special Issues
    • All Issues
  • Contribute
    • Submit to AUF
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
  • About
    • Overview
    • Editorial Board
    • Journal Metrics
    • International Society of Arboriculture
  • More
    • Contact
    • Feedback
  • Alerts

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
  • Log in
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Special Issues
    • All Issues
  • Contribute
    • Submit to AUF
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
  • About
    • Overview
    • Editorial Board
    • Journal Metrics
    • International Society of Arboriculture
  • More
    • Contact
    • Feedback
  • Alerts
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • YouTube
  • LinkedIn
Research ArticleArticles

The Level of Occlusion of Included Bark Affects the Strength of Bifurcations in Hazel (Corylus avellana L.)

Duncan Slater and Roland Ennos
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) July 2015, 41 (4) 194-207; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2015.019
Duncan Slater
Duncan Slater (corresponding author), Senior Lecturer in Arboriculture, Myerscough College, St. Michaels Road, Bilsborrow, Preston PR3 0RY, phone: 01995 642222 x2304, fax: 01995 642333, email:
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Roland Ennos
Roland Ennos, School of Biological, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, email:
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

LITERATURE CITED

  1. ↵
    1. Abramoff, M.D.,
    2. P.J. Magalhaes, and
    3. S.J. Ram
    . 2004. Image Processing with ImageJ. Biophotonics International 11(7):36–42.
    OpenUrl
  2. ↵
    1. Gere, J.M., and
    2. S.P. Timoshenko
    . 1996. The Mechanics of Materials, fourth edition. PWS Publishing Co., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
  3. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.
    2003. Branch-to-stem diameter ratio affects strength of attachment. Journal of Arboriculture 29(5):291–294.
    OpenUrl
  4. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.
    2011. An Illustrated Guide to Pruning, third edition. Cengage Learning, Independence, Kentucky, U.S. 352 pp.
  5. ↵
    1. Harris, R.W.,
    2. J.R. Clark, and
    3. N.P. Matheny
    . 2004. Arboriculture: Integrated Management of Landscape Trees, Shrubs, and Vines, fourth edition. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, U.S.
  6. ↵
    1. Helliwell, R.
    2004. A discussion of the failure of weak forks. Arboricultural Journal 27:245–249.
    OpenUrl
  7. ↵
    1. Jaffe, M.J., and
    2. S. Forbes
    . 1993. Thigmomorphogenesis: The effect of mechanical perturbation on plants. Plant Growth Regulation 12:313–324.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. ↵
    1. Kane, B.,
    2. R. Farrell,
    3. S.M. Zedaker,
    4. J.R. Loferski, and
    5. D.W. Smith
    . 2008. Failure mode and prediction of the strength of branch attachments. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(5):308–316.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Lonsdale, D.
    1999. Principles of Tree Hazard Assessment and Management, first edition. The Stationery Office Books, London, UK. 388 pp.
  10. ↵
    1. Lonsdale, D.
    2000. Hazards from trees: A general guide. Forestry Commission Practical Guide series. Forestry Commission.
  11. ↵
    1. Matheny, N.P., and
    2. J.R. Clark
    . 1994. Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas, second edition. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.
  12. ↵
    1. Mattheck, C., and
    2. H. Breloer
    . 1994. The Body Language of Trees: A Handbook for Failure Analysis. The Stationery Office, London, UK. 240 pp.
  13. ↵
    1. Metzger, K.
    1893. Der wind als massgebender factor für das waschstum der bäume. Mündener Forstliche Hefte 3:35–86.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Pfisterer, J.A.
    2003. Towards a better understanding of tree failure: Investigations into bending stresses of branch junctions and reiterates of European filbert (Corylus avellana L.) as a model organism. In: Second International Symposium on Plant Health in Urban Horticulture, August 27–29, 2003. Berlin, Germany.
  15. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L.
    1989. Tree pruning: A worldwide photo guide. Shigo and Trees Associates, Durham, New Hampshire, U.S. pp. 78–83.
  16. ↵
    1. Slater, D., and
    2. A.R. Ennos
    . 2013. Determining the mechanical properties of hazel forks by testing their component parts. Trees: Structure and Function 27(6):1515–1524.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Slater, D.,
    2. R.S. Bradley,
    3. P.J. Withers, and
    4. A.R. Ennos
    . 2014. The anatomy and grain pattern in forks of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and other tree species. Trees: Structure and Function 28(5):1437–1448.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T.
    2003. Does included bark reduce the strength of codominant stems? Journal of Arboriculture 29(2):104–106.
    OpenUrl
  19. ↵
    1. M.P. Coutts and
    2. J. Grace
    1. Telewski, F.W.
    1995. Wind-induced physiological and developmental responses in trees. pp. 237–263. In: M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (Eds.). Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  20. ↵
    1. van Casteren, A., and
    2. A.R. Ennos
    . 2010. Transverse stresses and modes of failure in tree branches and other beams. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Biological Sciences 277(1685):1253–1258.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  21. ↵
    1. M.P. Coutts and
    2. J. Grace
    1. Wood, C.J.
    1995. Understanding wind forces on trees. pp. 133–163. In: M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (Eds.). Wind and Trees. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 41 (4)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 41, Issue 4
July 2015
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The Level of Occlusion of Included Bark Affects the Strength of Bifurcations in Hazel (Corylus avellana L.)
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Arboriculture & Urban Forestry web site.
Citation Tools
The Level of Occlusion of Included Bark Affects the Strength of Bifurcations in Hazel (Corylus avellana L.)
Duncan Slater, Roland Ennos
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Jul 2015, 41 (4) 194-207; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2015.019

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
The Level of Occlusion of Included Bark Affects the Strength of Bifurcations in Hazel (Corylus avellana L.)
Duncan Slater, Roland Ennos
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Jul 2015, 41 (4) 194-207; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2015.019
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • MATERIALS AND METHODS
    • MORPHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • LITERATURE CITED
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Using the CSR Theory when Selecting Woody Plants for Urban Forests: Evaluation of 342 Trees and Shrubs
  • Right Appraisal for the Right Purpose: Comparing Techniques for Appraising Heritage Trees in Australia and Canada
  • Urban Tree Mortality: The Purposes and Methods for (Secretly) Killing Trees Suggested in Online How-To Videos and Their Diagnoses
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Bifurcation
  • Corylus avellana
  • Hazel
  • included bark
  • Rupture Tests
  • Three-Point Bending

© 2025 International Society of Arboriculture

Powered by HighWire