Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Map of counties comprising New Jersey, U.S. The shaded area are those with known SPB infestations; markers show 2012 infestations. Populations of the southern pine beetle have been in outbreak status in New Jersey since 2010.
- Figure 2.
To attract southern pine beetles (SPB) and challenge treatments in the field, bolt sections were placed in a bucket and attached to the bottom of a baited Lindgren multiple funnel trap. Laboratory evaluations were also conducted and provided higher pressures of SPB for treatment evaluations.
- Figure 3.
Average percentage of subsamples per small bolt that was positive for Ips avulsus activity (beetle or gallery) in field bioassays in central Louisiana. Weeklong trials began at 58, 72, and 124 days posttreatment, each indicated by a different bar shade. For treatments to be considered sufficiently challenged by I. avulsus, control bolts (Con) must have 50% of subsamples with activity; all three trials met this criterion. Effective treatments are indicated by fewer than 20% of subsamples having activity (hashed horizontal line). Astro (Ast) at 58 and 72 days posttreatment (both 0 attacks) was the only effective treatment by this criterion. Sample size was two bolts per treatment per trial.
- Figure 4.
Average number of attacks (a) and average cm gallery length produced per attack (GLA) (b) by the southern pine beetle (SPB) in laboratory small-bolt assays. Each bar depicts the mean ± 1 SEM of n = 8 bolts. Treatments were: Ast = Astro, Con = control, Dom = Dominion, Onx = Onyx, and Xyt = Xytect. Bars with different letters represent means that were significantly different (Tukey’s HSD). Bolts were exposed to about 75 unsexed adult SPB in bioassay arenas for 48 hours between 72 and 124 days post-application of treatments to trees. Please note differences in the ordinate among plots.
Tables
- Table 1.
Descriptions of individual experimental trials conducted as part of this study with the southern pine beetle (SPB) or Ips avulsus (Ips). Insecticide residue concentrations were determined from phloem collected from each untreated and imidacloprid-treated study tree after felling.
Evaluation Site Insect species source Dates of trial Trial setz Days posttreatmenty Valid testx NJ Field 11-1 Glassboro SPB-NJ feral Aug 3–10 2011 4 69 N NJ Field 11-2 Winslow SPB-NJ feral Aug 30–Sept 8, 2011 5 96 N NJ Field 1 Clarks SPB-NJ feral May 15–19, 2012 1 62 N NJ Field 2 Harding SPB-NJ feral May 15–20, 2012 1 62 Y MS Field 3 Homochitto SPB-MS feral June 5–12, 2012 2 83 Y NJ Lab 1 Laboratory SPB-NJ boltsw May 25–27, 2012 2 72 Y NJ Lab 2 Laboratory SPB-NJ boltsw May 31–June 2, 2012 2 78 Y MS Lab 3 Laboratory SPB-MS boltsv July 16–18, 2012 3 124 Y LA Field 1 Stuart Ips-LA feral May 14–21, 2012 1 61 Y LA Field 2 Stuart Ips-LA feral June 5–12, 2012 2 83 Y LA Field 3 Stuart Ips-LA feral July 18–25, 2012 3 126 Y ↵z 1 = cut on May 11, 2012; 2 = cut on May 25, 2012; 3 = cut on July 15, 2012; 4 = cut on July 29, 2011; 5 = cut on August 24, 2011.
↵y At first day of bolt’s exposure to beetles.
↵x Based on attack number (SPB) or proportion of subsamples with activity (Ips avulsus) observed on control/untreated bolts.
↵w Infested pitch pine from Harding site.
↵v Infested loblolly pine from Homochitto National Forest.
Note: NJ = New Jersey; MS = Mississippi; LA = Louisiana.
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