Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Storm simulator position indicating wind direction and codominant stem position. Airfoils rotated a total of 30 degrees east and west.
- Figure 2a.
Pruned stem strain (ε) at increasing pruning dose and 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 Hz f(a). Equation 1: ε = 2e−4 − 3e−6 (pruning dose) + 2e−4 f(a); R2 = 0.74; P < 0.0001; interaction P = 0.17; n = 30 airfoil cycles/data point.
- Figure 2b.
Non-pruned stem strain (ε) at increasing pruning dose and 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 Hz f(a). Equation 2: ε = −6e−4 + 0.001 f(a) + 0.001 (stem-diameter aspect ratio); R2 = 0.67; P < 0.0001; interaction P = 0.91; n = 30 airfoil cycles/data point.
- Figure 2c.
Trunk strain (ε) at increasing pruning dose and 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 Hz f(a). Equation 4: ε = 2e−4 − 2e−6 (pruning dose) + 7e−4 f(a); R2 = 0.56; P < 0.0001; interaction P = 0.17; n = 30 airfoil cycles/data point.
- Figure 3.
Number of seconds (lag time) non-pruned stem lagged behind pruned stem to reach maximum ε as airfoil direction changed from west to east or east to west at 0.9 Hz f(a). Equation 5: Lag time (west changing to east) = 0.0168 + 0.0026 (pruning dose); R2 = 0.41; P < 0.0001; y-intercept = 0 (P = 0.68). Equation 6: Lag time (east changing to west) = 0.0504 + 0.0023 (pruning dose); R2 = 0.28; P < 0.0001; y-intercept = 0 (P = 0.31); n = 30 airfoil cycles/data point.
- Figure 4.
Relationship between trunk and stem strain (ε). Equation 7: Trunk ε (circles) = 2e−5 + 0.55 (non-pruned + pruned stem ε); R2 = 0.90; P < 0.0001. Equation 8: Trunk ε (×’s) = 3e−4 + 1.36 (pruned stem ε); R2 = 0.54; P < 0.0001. Each data point is mean of 30 airfoil cycles on one tree, at one frequency, and one pruning dose.
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