Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Experimental green and Manchurian ash trees at the Maryland Department of Agricultural (MDA) common garden site. To count borers, prevent their escape, and prevent colonization from additional borers during the second year of study, the boles, trunks, and major scaffold branches were enclosed in screening and pipe insulation. Drought stress treatments were imposed with plastic rain excluders.
- Figure 2.
Chlorophyll fluorescence [Fv (variable fluorescence) / Fm (maximal fluorescence)] of ash trees assigned to full, half, and low watering treatments for: A) all trees in the experiment, and B) only surviving trees. The number of trees in each treatment is indicated at the bottom of the bars. Letters indicate differences in mean fluorescence among treatments.
- Figure 3.
Abundance (mean number per tree ± 1 SE) of borers in experimental green and Manchurian ash trees for: A) emerald ash borer (EAB), B) clearwing borers (Sesiidae), C) roundheaded beetles (Cerambycidae), D) bark beetles (Curculionidae, E) native borers (Sesiidae + Cerambycidae), and F) all borers. Note the difference in scale on the vertical axis in panel F. Dark bars represent non-stressed trees (full and half watering treatments together); light bars represent stressed trees (low watering treatment). Data are from all trees.
Tables
- Table 1.
Proportion of trees infested by borers with respect to ash species and water stress (data for surviving trees in parentheses).
Green ash Manchurian ash χ2 tests Fullz Half Low Full Half Low Species Treatmenty EAB 0.75 0.56 0.62 0.19 0.12 0.25 18.9* 0.01 (0.75) (0.56) (0.5) (0.19) (0.13) (0) (17.44*) (2.03x) Sesiidae 0.19 0.25 0.19 0.31 0.12 0.12 0 0.21 (0.19) (0.25) (0.33) (0.31) (0.13) (0.17) (0) (0.04x) Cerambycidae 0.12 0 0.25 0.06 0.06 0.19 0 4.8*x (0.12) (0) (0) (0.06) (0) (0) (0.33x) (1.07x) Curculionidae 0.06 0.06 0.19 0.06 0 0.31 0 8.14*x (0.06) (0.06) (0.33) (0.06) (0) (0.17) (0.68x) (4.2*x) Nativesw 0.31 0.25 0.38 0.31 0.19 0.25 0.21 0.058 (0.31) (0.25) (0.33) (0.31) (0.13) (0.17) (0.22) (0.0008x) Any borer 0.81 0.69 0.75 0.44 0.31 0.44 10.9* 0.01 (0.81) (0.69) (0.67) (0.44) (0.27) (0.17) (11.21*) (0.32) Number of trees (Surviving) 16 16 16 16 16 16 (16) (16) (6) (16) (15) (6) ↵zData are presented for the original watering treatments for illustrative purposes. See Methods for details on watering treatments.
↵yTest statistics from contingency table analyses compare frequency of borer infestation in stressed (low watering treatment) versus non-stressed trees (full and half watering treatments together).
↵xDue to low expected probabilities, log likelihood ratio G tests were conducted, with df = 1 for each test.
↵wIncludes Cerambycidae and Sesiidae.
Asterisk (*) denotes significant tests of association (P < 0.05).
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