Wood Chips and Compost Improve Soil Quality and Increase Growth of Acer rubrum and Betula nigra in Compacted Urban Soil

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

   . 2004. American National Standard for Tree Care Operations – Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Maintenance – Standard Practices (Fertilization) (A300, Part 2). Tree Care Industry Association, Manchester, New Hampshire, U.S.
2. ↵
   1. Carpenter, S.R.,
   2. N.F. Caraco,
   3. D.L. Correll,
   4. R.W., Howarth,
   5. A.N. Sharpley, and
   6. V.H. Smith

   1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8:559–568.

   OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Carter, M.R.

   2002. Soil quality for sustainable land management: Organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil functions. Agronomy Journal 94:38–47.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Chalker-Scott, L.

   2007. Impact of mulches on landscape plants and the environment – A review. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25:239–249.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Day, S.D.,
   2. E.P. Wiseman,
   3. S.B. Dickinson, and
   4. R.J. Harris

   . 2010. Contemporary concepts of root system architecture of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:149–159.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. J.W. Doran

   1. Doran, J.W., and
   2. T.B. Parkin

   . 1994. Defining and assessing soil quality. pp. 3–21. In: J.W. Doran et al. (Ed.). Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. SSSA Spec. Publ. No. 35, Soil Science Society of America, Inc. and American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
7. ↵
   1. Driscoll, C.T.,
   2. D. Whitall,
   3. J. Aber,
   4. E. Boyer,
   5. M. Castro,
   6. C. Cronan,
   7. C.L. Goodale,
   8. P. Groffman,
   9. C. Hopkinson,
   10. K. Lambert,
   11. G. Lawrence, and
   12. S. Ollinger

   . 2003. Nitrogen pollution in the Northeastern United States: Sources, effects, and management options. BioScience 53:357–374.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. Duffy, B.,
   2. C. Sarreal,
   3. R. Subbarao, and
   4. L. Stanker

   . 2004. Effect of molasses on regrowth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in compost teas. Compost Science and Utilization 12:93–96.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Finck, A.

   1982. Fertilizers and Fertilization. Introduction and Practical Guide to Crop Fertilization. Verlag Chemie, Deerfield Beach, Florida, U.S.
10. ↵
    1. Follett, R.H.,
    2. L.S. Murphy, and
    3. R.L. Donahue

    . 1981. Fertilizers and Soil Amendments. Prentice Hall, Inc. New Jersey, U.S.
11. ↵
    1. Fox, G.A., and
    2. R. Metla

    . 2005. Soil property analysis using principal components analysis, soil line, and regression models. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:1782–1788.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
12. ↵
    1. Gerritse, R.G., and
    2. W. Van Driel

    . 1984. The relationship between adsorption of trace metals, organic matter, and pH in temperate soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 13:197–204.

    OpenUrlGeoRef
13. ↵
    1. Herms, D.A., and
    2. W.J. Mattson

    . 1992. The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend. Quarterly Review of Biology. 67:283–335.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. ↵
    1. Hudson, B.D.

    1994. Soil organic matter and available water capacity. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49:189–194.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
15. ↵
    1. Ingham, E.

    2003a. Compost Tea Brewing Manual. Soil Foodweb, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.
16. ↵
    1. Ingham, E.

    2003b. Compost tea: Promises and practicalities. Acres 33:1–5.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Ingham, E.

    2004. Compost Tea Quality: Light Microscopic Methods. Soil Foodweb, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.
18. ↵
    1. Jenssen, T.K., and
    2. G. Kongshaug

    . 2003. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in fertilizer production. Proceedings 509 from International Fertilization Society. York, UK.
19. ↵
    1. Khan, S.A.,
    2. R.L. Mulvaney, and
    3. C.W. Boast

    . 2007. The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality 36:1821–1832.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Larkin, R.P.

    2008. Relative effects of biological amendments and crop rotations on soil microbial communities and soilborne diseases of potato. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40:1341–1351.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Lowenfels, J., and
    2. W. Lewis

    . 2007. Teaming with Microbes: A Gardener’s Guide to the Soil Food Web. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, U.S.
22. ↵
    1. Mitsch, W.J.,
    2. J.W. Day Jr.,
    3. J.W. Gilliam,
    4. P.M. Groffman,
    5. D.L. Hey,
    6. G.W. Randall, and
    7. N. Wang

    . 2001. Reducing nitrogen loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River basin: Strategies to counter a persistent ecological problem. BioScience 51:373–388.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. ↵
    1. Mulvaney, R.L.,
    2. S.A. Khan, and
    3. T.R. Ellsworth

    . 2009. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen: a global dilemma for sustainable cereal production. Journal of Environmental Quality 38:2295–2314.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. National Organic Standards Board (NOSB)

    2004. Compost Tea Task Force Report. 09/04/2010. <www.ams.usda.gov/nosb/archives/crop/recommendations/html>
25. ↵
    1. National Organic Standards Board (NOSB)

    . 2002. Compost Task Force Recommendation. 09/04/2010. <www.ams.usda.gov/nosb/archives/crop/recommendations/html>
26. ↵
    1. D.L. Sparks

    1. Nelson, D.W., and
    2. L.E. Sommers

    . 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: D.L. Sparks et al. (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 961–1010.
27. ↵
    1. A.L. Page

    1. Olsen, S.R., and
    2. L.E. Sommers

    . 1982. Phosphorus. In: A.L. Page et al. (Eds.). Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 403–430.
28. ↵
    1. Organic Fertilizer and Cover Crop Calculator

    . 2014. Accessed 02/07/2014. <http://smallfarms.oregonstate.edu/calculator>
29. ↵
    1. Doran, J.W., and
    2. A.J. Jones

    1. Parkin, T.B.,
    2. J.W. Doran, and
    3. E. Franco-Viscaino

    . 1996. Field and laboratory tests of soil respiration. Potentially mineralizable nitrogen as an indicator of biologically active soil nitrogen. In: Doran, J.W., and A.J. Jones (Eds.). Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. Soil Science Society of America, no. 49. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 231–246.
30. ↵
    1. Percival, G.C., and
    2. S. Barnes

    . 2005. The influence of calcium and nitrogen fertilization on the freezing and salinity tolerance of two urban tree species. Journal of Arboriculture 31:10–20.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Saebo, A., and
    2. F. Ferrini

    . 2006. The use of compost in urban green areas – A review for practical application. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 4:159–160.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Scharenbroch, B.C.

    2009. A meta-analysis of studies published in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry relating to organic materials and impacts on soil, tree, and environmental properties. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:221–231.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Scharenbroch, B.C.

    2013. Impacts of aerated compost tea on containerized Acer saccharum and Quercus macrocarpa saplings and soil properties in sand, uncompacted loam, and loam soils. HortScience 48:625–632.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
34. ↵
    1. Scharenbroch, B.C.,
    2. E. Meza,
    3. M. Catania and
    4. K. Fite

    . 2013. Biochar and biosolids increase tree growth and improve soil quality for urban landscapes. Journal of Environmental Quality 42:1372–1385.

    OpenUrlPubMed
35. ↵
    1. Scharenbroch, B.C.,
    2. M. Catania,
    3. W. Treasurer, and
    4. V. Brand

    . 2011. Lab assays on the effects of aerated compost tea and fertilization on soil biochemical properties and denitrification in A and Bt horizon soils. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37:269–276.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Scheuerell, S.J., and
    2. W.F. Mahaffee

    . 2004. Compost tea as a container medium drench for suppressing seedling damping off caused by Pythium ultimum. Phytopathology 94:1156–1163.

    OpenUrlPubMed
37. ↵
    1. Scheuerell S.J., and
    2. W.F. Mahaffee

    . 2006. Variability associated with suppression of gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) on geranium by foliar applications of nonaerated and aerated compost teas. Plant Disease 90:1201–1208.

    OpenUrlPubMed
38. ↵
    1. Schollenberger, C.J., and
    2. R.H. Simon

    . 1945. Determination of exchange capacity and exchangeable bases in soils – Ammonium acetate method. Soil Science 59:13–24.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. ↵
    1. Segarra, G.,
    2. M. Reis,
    3. E. Casanova, and
    4. M.I. Trillas

    . 2009. Control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) in tomato by foliar applications of compost tea. Journal of Plant Pathology 91:683–689.

    OpenUrl
40. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L.

    1999. A new tree biology: Facts, photos, and philosophies on trees and their problems and proper care, 9th Edition. Shigo and Trees Associates, Durham, New Hampshire, U.S.
41. ↵
    1. Sikora, L.J., and
    2. V. Yakovchenko

    . 1996. Soil organic matter mineralization after compost amendment. Soil Science Society of America Journal 60:1401–1404.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
42. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T.,
    2. S. Lilly, and
    3. P. Kelsey

    . 2002. Best management practices: Tree and shrub fertilization. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.
43. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T.,
    2. S.J. Lilly, and
    3. L. Werner

    . 2013. Best Management Practices: Tree and shrub fertilization, third edition. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois.
44. ↵
    1. Soane, B.D.

    1990. The role of organic matter in soil compactibility: A review of some practical aspects. Soil and Tillage Research 16:179–201.

    OpenUrl
45. ↵
    1. Soldat, D.J., and
    2. A.M. Petrovic

    . 2008. The fate and transport of phosphorus in the turfgrass ecosystems. Crop Science 48:2051–2065.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
46. ↵
    1. Struve, D.K.

    2002. A review of shade tree fertilization research in the United States. Journal of Arboriculture 28:252–263.

    OpenUrl
47. ↵
    1. Tisdall, J.M., and
    2. J. Oades

    , J. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. Journal of Soil Science 33:141–163.

    OpenUrlCrossRefGeoRefWeb of Science
48. ↵
    1. M.R. Carter and
    2. E.G. Gregorich

    1. Topp, G.C.,
    2. G.W. Parkin, and
    3. T.P.A. Ferre

    . 2008 Soil water content. In: M.R. Carter and E.G. Gregorich (Eds.). Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Canadian Society of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S. pp. 939–962.
49. ↵
    1. Unger, P.W., and
    2. T.C. Kaspar

    . 1994. Soil compaction and root growth: A review. Agronomy Journal 86:759–766.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
50. ↵
    1. van de Werken, H.

    1981. Fertilization and other factors enhancing the growth rate of young shade trees. Journal of Arboriculture 7:33–37.

    OpenUrl
51. ↵
    1. Van den Berghe, C.H., and
    2. N.V. Hue

    . 1999. Liming potential of composts applied to an acid oxisol in Burundi. Compost Science Utilization 7:40–46.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. Vitousek, P.M.,
    2. J.D. Aber,
    3. R.W. Howarth,
    4. G.E. Likens,
    5. P.A. Matson,
    6. D.W. Schindler,
    7. W.H. Schlesinger, and
    8. D.G. Tilman

    . 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: Sources and consequences. Ecological Applications 7:737–750.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
53. ↵
    1. Watson, G.W.

    1988. Organic mulch and grass competition influence tree root development. Journal of Arboriculture 14:200–203.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Watson, G.W.

    1994. Root growth response to fertilizers. Journal of Arboriculture 20(1):4–8.

    OpenUrl