Satellite-supported methods | QuickBird, Panchromatic and multispectral images. Very High Resolution images (VHR) | QuickBird is a high-resolution earth observation satellite. Panchromatic produces a realistic picture as it appears to the human eye. VHR images are taken by satellites (e.g., urban landscapes). | (Ardila et al. 2012) | 3 |
Google Maps and Google Maps TM API | Google Maps TM API (API = Application programming interface) (Google). Allows users to create thematic maps. | (Thornhill et al. 2009) | 1 |
Airplane-supported methods | Airborne LIDAR data collection and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping (ALTM) | LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging, also LADAR) is an optical remote sensing technology that can measure the distance to, or other properties of, targets the use of laser. TLS works in a similar way by registering data using lasers. ALTM maps the surface and thereby acquires maps equivalent to those of GPS. | (Jutras et al. 2009) | 1 |
Aerial photos | Photos taken from aircrafts from different heights. | (Miller and Winer 1984) | 1 |
Ground scanning/photos | Customer grade cameras or digital photos | Photos taken by professional or digital cameras. | (Buhyoff et al. 1984; Abd-Elrahman et al. 2010; Patterson et al. 2011) | 2 |
Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) | MLS is a technology in which objects are mapped by laser distance measurement from driving vehicles (e.g., road vehicles, ships, or railway trains). The data are then transformed into a 3D point cloud using GPS/IMU data. | (Rutzinger et al. 2011) | 1 |
Mobile Augmented Reality (AR) | AR is a way of viewing digital information which has been superimposed or augmented onto a live view of the real-world environment. | (West et al. 2012) | 1 |
Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) | TLS analyses an object or environment to collect data on its shape. The collected data can then be used to construct digital, two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional models. | (Park et al. 2010) | 1 |
Field survey | Urban vegetation surveys (e.g., GPS receiver or handheld computers) | Field staff conduct direct measurements and visual inspections of individual trees, where position data can be supported by a GPS navigation device and data reporting supported by a handheld computer. | (Starr 1990: Lesser 1996; Sudol and Zach 1987; Adkins et al. 1997; Hsu 1997; Jim and Liu 1997; Poracsky and Scott 1999; Martin et al. 2011) | 46 |
Windshield method | Field staff conducts visual inspection of trees from a car driven at low speed (approx. 3 km/hr). | (Rooney et al. 2005). | 0 |