Failure of Foliar-Applied Biostimulants to Enhance Drought and Salt Tolerance in Urban Trees

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman

   1. Akıncı, Ş., and
   2. D.M. Lösel

   . 2012. Plant water-stress response mechanisms. Water Stress. Prof. Ismail Md. Mofizur Rahman (Ed.). <www.intechopen.com/books/water-stress/plant-water-stress-response-mechanisms>
2. ↵
   1. Al-Habsi, S., and
   2. G.C. Percival

   . 2006. Sucrose-induced tolerance to and recovery from deicing salt damage in containerized Ilex aquifolium L. and Quercus robur L. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32(6):277–285.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Banks, J.M., and
   2. G.C. Percival

   . 2012. Evaluation of biostimulants to control Guignardia leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi) of horse chestnut and black spot (Diplocarpon rosae) of roses. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38(6)258–261.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Barnes, S., and
   2. G.C. Percival

   . 2006. Influence of biostimulants and water-retaining polymer root dips on survival and growth of newly transplanted bare-rooted silver birch and rowan. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 24(3):173–179.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Black, P.B.

   2012. Is everything bigger in Texas? From the top. Tree News 31:5.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Chalker-Scott, L.

   2007. Impact of mulches on landscape plants and the environment – A review. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 25(4):239–249.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Corkidi, L.,
   2. E.B. Allen,
   3. D. Merhaut,
   4. M.F. Allen,
   5. J. Downer,
   6. J. Bohn, and
   7. M. Evans

   . 2004. Assessing the infectivity of commercial mycorrhizal inoculants in plant nursery conditions. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22(3):149–154.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Cresswell, G.C., and
   2. R.G. Weir

   . 1997. Common nutritional problems and their correction. Plant Nutrient Disorders 5, Ornamental Plants and Shrubs. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd. Oxford, UK.
9. ↵
   1. Ferrini, E., and
   2. F.P. Nicese

   . 2002. Response of English oak (Quercus robur L.) trees to biostimulant applications in the urban environment. Journal of Arboriculture 28:70–76.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Fraser, G.A., and
    2. G. C. Percival

    . 2003. The influence of biostimulants on growth and vitality of three urban tree species following transplanting. Arboricultural Journal 27(1):43–57.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Gibbs, J.N., and
    2. C.A. Palmer

    . 1994. A survey of damage to roadside trees in London caused by the application of deicing salt during the 1990/91 winter. Arboricultural Journal 18(2):321–343.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F.

    2004. Effects of amendments, soil additives and irrigation on tree survival and growth. Journal of Arboriculture 30(5):301–311.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Glenn, G.M.,
    2. A.S.N. Reddy, and
    3. B.W. Poovaiah

    . 1988. Effect of calcium on cell wall structure protein phosphorylation and protein profile in senescing apples. Plant and Cell Physiology 29(4):565–572.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Jensen, M.,
    2. S. Chakir, and
    3. G.B. Feige

    . 1999. Osmotic and atmospheric dehydration effects in the lichens Hypogymnia physodes, Lobaria pulmonaria, and Peltigera aphthosa: An in vivo study of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction. Photosynthetica 37(3):393–404.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
15. ↵
    1. Kelting, M.,
    2. J.R. Harris,
    3. J. Fanelli, and
    4. B. Appleton

    . 1998. Humate-based biostimulants affect early post-transplant root growth and sapflow of balled and burlapped red maple. HortScience 33:342–244.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
16. ↵
    1. Kelting, M.,
    2. J.R. Harris,
    3. J. Fanelli,
    4. B. Appleton, and
    5. A. Niemiea

    . 1997. Humate-based biostimulants do not consistently increase growth of container-grown Turkish hazelnut. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 15(4):197–199.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. W.G. Madow and
    2. H.B. Mann

    1. Levene, H.

    1960. Robust tests for equality of variances. In: W.G. Madow and H.B. Mann (Eds.). Contributions to Probability and Statistics. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, U.S.
18. ↵
    1. Mancuso, S.,
    2. E. Azzarello,
    3. S. Mugnai, and
    4. X. Briand

    . 2006. Marine bioactive substances (ipa extract) improve foliar ion uptake and water stress tolerance in potted Vitis vinifera plants. Advances in Horticultural Science 20(2):156–161.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Marçais B., and
    2. N. Bréda

    . 2006. Role of an opportunistic pathogen in the decline of stressed oak trees. Journal of Ecology 94:1214–1223.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Marschner, H.

    2012. Mineral nutrition of plants. Academic Press, London, UK.
21. ↵
    1. Meinander, O.,
    2. S. Somersalo,
    3. T. Holopainen, and
    4. R.J. Strasser

    . 1996. Scots pine after exposure to elevated ozone and carbon dioxide probed by reflectance spectra and chlorophyll a fluorescence transients. Journal of Plant Physiology 148:229–236.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. ↵
    1. Pachauri, R.K., and
    2. A. Reisinger

    . 2007. Contribution of working groups i, ii, and iii to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. IPCC. Geneva, Switzerland.
23. ↵
    1. Percival, G.C., and
    2. C.N. Sheriffs

    . 2002. Identification of drought-tolerant woody perennials using chlorophyll fluorescence. Journal of Arboriculture 28(5):215–223.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Percival, G.C., and
    2. S. Barnes

    . 2008. Calcium-induced freezing and salinity tolerance in evergreen oak and apple cv. ‘Golden Crown’. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34(3):191–199.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Percival, G.C.,
    2. E. Gklavakis, and
    3. K. Noviss

    . 2009. Influence of pure mulches on survival, growth, and vitality of containerized and field planted trees. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27(4):200–206.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Raese, J.T.

    1996. Winter hardiness increased with calcium treatments, Part B. Good Fruit Grower 47(4):41–48.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Richardson, A.D.,
    2. M. Aikens,
    3. G.P. Berlyn, and
    4. P. Marshall

    . 2004. Drought stress and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings: Effects of an organic biostimulant on plant health and stress tolerance, and detection of stress effects with instrument based non-invasive methods. Journal of Arboriculture 30(1):52–62.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Roberts, B.R., and
    2. R.S. Linder

    . 2010. Humectants as post-plant soil amendments: Effects on the wilting cycle of drought-stressed, container-grown tree seedlings. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36(6):275–280.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Roberts, J.,
    2. N. Jackson, and
    3. M. Smith

    . 2006. Coping with soil contamination. pp. 209–241. In: Tree Roots in the Built Environment. The Stationery Office. Norwich.
30. ↵
    1. DeEll and Toivonen

    1. Rosenqvist, E., and
    2. O. van Kooten

    . 2003. Chlorophyll fluorescence a general description and nomenclature. In: DeEll and Toivonen. Practical Applications of Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Plant Biology. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers 201–242.
31. ↵
    1. Sahain, M.F.M.,
    2. E.Z.A. El Motty,
    3. M.H. El-Shiekh, and
    4. L.F. Hagagg

    . 2007. Effect of some biostimulant on growth and fruiting of anna apple trees in newly reclaimed areas. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Science 3(5):422–429.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Sammons, J.D., and
    2. D. K. Struve

    . 2004. Effect of Bioplex on transplant success of non-dormant red oak (Quercus rubra L.). Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22(4):197–202.

    OpenUrl
33. 1. Spann, T.M., and
    2. H.A. Little

    . 2011. Applications of a commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum increases drought tolerance in container-grown ‘hamlin’ sweet orange nursery trees. HortScience 46(4)577–582.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
34. ↵
    1. Taiz, L., and
    2. E. Zeiger

    . 1991. Plant physiology. First Edition. Benjamin Cummings. Redwood City, California, U.S.
35. ↵
    1. Thalheimer, M., and
    2. N. Paoli

    . 2001. Effectiveness of various leaf-applied biostimulants on productivity and fruit quality of apple. International Symposium on Foliar Nutrition of Perennial Fruit Plants 594. ISHS Acta Horticulturae.
36. ↵
    1. L.E. Riley,
    2. R.K. Dumroese, and
    3. T.D. Landis

    1. Thompson, B.E.

    2004. Five years of Irish trials on biostimulants: The conversion of a skeptic. pp. 72–79. In: L.E. Riley, R.K. Dumroese, and T.D. Landis (Eds.). National proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations 2003; USDA Forest Service RMRS-P-33.