Effect of Pit Design and Soil Composition on Performance of Pyrus calleryana Street Trees in the Establishment Period

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Ansley, R.J.,
   2. W.A. Dugas,
   3. M.L. Heuer, and
   4. B.A. Trevino

   . 1994. Stem flow and porometer measurements of transpiration from honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa). Journal of Experimental Botany 45(275):847–856.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
2. ↵
   1. Armson D.,
   2. M.A. Rahman, and
   3. A.R. Ennos

   . 2013. A comparison of the shading effectiveness of five different urban tree species. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 39(4):157–164.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Armson, D.,
   2. P. Stringer, and
   3. A.R. Ennos

   . 2012. The effect of tree shade and grass on surface and globe temperatures in an urban area. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:245–255.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Bartens, J.,
   2. S.D. Day,
   3. J.R. Harris,
   4. T.M. Wynn, and
   5. J.E. Dove

   . 2009. Transpiration and root development of urban trees in structural soil storm-water reservoirs. Environmental Management 44:646–657.

   OpenUrlPubMed
5. ↵
   1. Buhler, O.,
   2. P. Kristoffersen, and
   3. S.U. Larsen

   . 2007. Growth of street trees in Copenhagen with emphasis on the effect of different establishment concepts. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:330–337.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Close, R.E.,
   2. P.V. Nguyen, and
   3. J.J. Kielbaso

   . 1996. Urban vs. natural sugar maple growth: I. Stress symptoms and phenology in relation to site characteristics. Journal of Arboriculture 22:144–150.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Curran, P.J.,
   2. J.L. Dungan, and
   3. H.L. Gholz

   . 1990. Exploring the relationship between reflectance red edge and chlorophyll content in slash pine. Tree Physiology 7:33–48.

   OpenUrlPubMedWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. De Nicola, F.,
   2. A. Alfani, and
   3. N. D’Ambrosio

   . 2011. Impact of the Mediterranean Urban Environment on Photosynthetic Efficiency of Quercus ilex Leaves. Water Air and Soil Pollution 220:151–160.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Demmig, B., and
   2. O. Bjorkman

   . 1987. Comparison of the effect of excessive light on chlorophyll fiuorescence (77k) and photon yield of O₂ evolution in leaves of higher-plants. Planta 171:171–184.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
10. ↵
    1. Filella, I.,
    2. L. Serrano,
    3. J. Serra, and
    4. J. Penuelas

    . 1995. Evaluating wheat nitrogen status with canopy reflectance indexes and discriminant-analysis. Crop Science 35:1400–1405.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. ↵
    1. Gilbertson, P., and
    2. A.D. Bradshaw

    . 1990. The survival of newly planted trees in inner cities. Arboricultural Journal 14:287–309.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Gill, S.E.,
    2. J.F. Handley,
    3. A.R. Ennos, and
    4. S. Pauleit

    . 2007. Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment 33:115–133.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
13. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F.

    1988. Prediction of root spread from trunk diameter and branch spread. Journal of Arboriculture 14:85–89.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Gitelson, A.A.,
    2. Y. Gritz, and
    3. M.N. Merzlyak

    . 2003. Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves. Journal of Plant Physiology 160:271–282.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Grabosky, J., and
    2. N. Bassuk

    . 1995. A New Urban Tree Soil to Safely Increase Rooting Volumes Under Sidewalks. Journal of Arboriculture 21(4):187–201.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Grabosky, J., and
    2. N. Bassuk

    . 1996. Testing of structural urban tree soil materials for use under pavement to increase street tree rooting volumes. Journal of Arboriculture 22:255–263.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Grabosky, J.,
    2. N. Bassuk,
    3. L. Irwin, and
    4. H. Van Es

    . 2001. Shoot and Root Growth of Three Tree Species in Sidewalks. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 19:206–211.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Herbauts, J.,
    2. J. ElBayad, and
    3. W. Gruber

    . 1996. Influence of logging traffic on the hydromorphic degradation of acid forest soils developed on loessic loam in middle Belgium. Forest Ecology and Management 87:193–207.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Horn, R.,
    2. J. Vossbrink,
    3. S. Peth, and
    4. S. Becker

    . 2007. Impact of modem forest vehicles on soil physical properties. Forest Ecology and Management 248:56–63.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. James, P.,
    2. K. Tzoulas,
    3. M.D. Adams,
    4. A. Barber,
    5. J. Box,
    6. J. Breuste,
    7. T. Elmqvist

    , et al. 2009. Towards an integrated understanding of green space in the European built environment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 8:65–75.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
21. ↵
    1. Jim, C.Y.

    2001. Managing urban trees and their soil envelopes in a contiguously developed city environment. Environmental Management 28:819–832.

    OpenUrlPubMed
22. ↵
    1. Kristoffersen, P.

    1998. Designing urban pavement subbases to support trees. Journal of Arboriculture 24:121–126.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Kruskopf, M., and
    2. K.J. Flynn

    . 2006. Chlorophyll content and fiuorescence responses cannot be used to gauge reliably phytoplankton biomass, nutrient status or growth rate. New Phytologist 169:525–536.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. Lambers, H.,
    2. F.S. Chapin, , III, and
    3. T.L. Pons

    . 1998. Plant physiological ecology. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
25. ↵
    1. Leuzinger, S.,
    2. R. Vogt, and
    3. C. Korner

    . 2010. Tree surface temperature in an urban environment. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150:56–62.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Maki, D.S., and
    2. S.J. Colombo

    . 2001. Early detection of the effects of warm storage on conifer seedlings using physiological tests. Forest Ecology and Management 154:237–249.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Matsumoto, K.,
    2. T. Ohta, and
    3. T. Tanaka

    . 2005. Dependence of stomatal conductance on leaf chlorophyll concentration and meteorological variables. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 132:44–57.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Maxwell, K., and
    2. G.N. Johnson

    . 2000. Chlorophyll fiuorescence - a practical guide. Journal of Experimental Botany 51:659–668.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
29. ↵
    1. McPherson, E.G.,
    2. D. Nowak,
    3. G. Heisler,
    4. S. Grimmond,
    5. C. Souch,
    6. R. Grant, and
    7. R. Rowntree

    . 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago urban forest climate project. Urban Ecosystems 1:49–61.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
30. ↵
    1. Morgenroth, J.

    2011. Root growth response of Platanus orientalis to porous pavements. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37:45–50.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Morgenroth, J., and
    2. G.D. Buchan

    . 2009. Soil Moisture and Aeration Beneath Pervious and Impervious Pavements. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:135–141.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Motsara, M.R., and
    2. R.N. Roy

    . 2008. Guide to Laboratory Establishment for Plant Nutrient Analysis. FAO, Rome.
33. ↵
    1. Nielsen, C.N.,
    2. O. Bühler, and
    3. P. Kristoffersen

    . 2007. Soil Water Dynamics and Growth of Street and Park Trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:231–245.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Oke, T.R.

    1989. The Micrometeorology of the Urban Forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 324:335–349.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
35. ↵
    1. Percival, G.C.

    2004. Evaluation of physiological tests as predictors of young tree establishment and growth. Journal of Arboriculture 30:80–91.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Peters, E.B.,
    2. J.P. McFadden, and
    3. R.A. Montgomery

    . 2010. Biological and environmental controls on tree transpiration in a suburban landscape. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 115:G04006.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Porra, R.J.,
    2. W.A. Thompson, and
    3. P.E. Kriedemann

    . 1989. Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous-equations for assaying chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b extracted with 4 different solvents—verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic-absorption spectroscopy. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta 975:384–394.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
38. ↵
    1. Quigley, M.F.

    2004. Street trees and rural conspecifics: Will long-lived trees reach full size in urban conditions? Urban Ecosystems 7:29–39.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
39. ↵
    1. Raciti, S.M.,
    2. L.R. Hutyra, and
    3. A.C. Finzi

    . 2012. Depleted soil carbon and nitrogen pools beneath impervious surfaces. Environmental Pollution 164:248–251.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
40. 1. Rahman, M.A.,
    2. D. Armson, and
    3. A. R. Ennos

    . in press. A comparison of the growth and cooling effectiveness of five commonly planted urban tree species. Urban Ecosystems.
41. ↵
    1. Rahman, M.A.,
    2. J.G. Smith,
    3. P. Stringer, and
    4. A.R. Ennos

    . 2011. Effect of rooting conditions on the growth and cooling ability of Pyrus calleryana. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 10:185–192.

    OpenUrl
42. ↵
    1. Randrup, T.B.

    1996. Urban soils as a growing medium for urban trees in: Urban forestry in the Nordic Countries. pp. 59. In: Proc. of a Nordic workshop on urban forestry, Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, Horsholm, Denmark.
43. ↵
    1. Resco, V.,
    2. D.D. Ignace,
    3. W. Sun,
    4. T.E. Huxman,
    5. J.F. Weltzin, and
    6. D.G. Williams

    . 2008. Chlorophyll fiuorescence, predawn water potential and photosynthesis in precipitation pulse-driven ecosystems—implications for ecological studies. Functional Ecology 22:479–483.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    1. Shashua-Bar, L., and
    2. M.E. Hoffman

    . 2000. Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street - An empirical model for predicting the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees. Energy and Buildings 31:221–235.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
45. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T.,
    2. L. Calfee,
    3. B.R. Fraedrich, and
    4. E.J. Smiley

    . 2006. Comparison of structural and noncompacted soils for trees surrounded by pavement. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32:164–169.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. von Caemmerer, S.,
    2. T. Lawson,
    3. K. Oxborough,
    4. N.R. Baker,
    5. T.J. Andrews, and
    6. C.A. Raines

    . 2004. Stomatal conductance does not correlate with photosynthetic capacity in transgenic tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco. Journal of Experimental Botany 55:1157–1166.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
47. ↵
    1. Weltecke, K., and
    2. T. Gaertig

    . 2012. Influence of soil aeration on rooting and growth of the Beuys-trees in Kassel, Germany. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:329–338.

    OpenUrl