Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Cross-sectional design of the three pit types (adapted from tree planting design for Red Rose Forest, drawn by Ombler Iwanowski Architects).
- Figure 2.
Annual growth rate in Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2010–2012 (n = 5): (a) height, (b) DBH, (c) crown diameter increment.
- Figure 3.
LAI of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2010–2012 (n = 5).
- Figure 4.
Leaf water potential of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2010–2012 (n = 5): (a) midday, (b) pre-dawn.
- Figure 5.
Stomatal conductance of leaves of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2010–2012 (n = 5).
- Figure 6.
Evapotranspirational cooling of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2010–2012 (n = 5).
- Figure 7.
Chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2011–2012 (n = 5).
- Figure 8.
Total chlorophyll content (a+b) of leaves of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types in 2011–2012 (n = 5).
Tables
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Pit dimension (m) 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.0 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.0 1.2 × 2.8 × 1.0 Soil composition Topsoil Urban soilz Special interlocking root cell systemy filled with topsoil. Irrigation setup none An irrigation pipe of 895 mm × 3 m length, outside of the root barrier at 200–300 mm depth was installed. Same as Type 2. Root barrier Only re-root 300 linear root barriers were wrapped around top of root ball. With linear root barrier a terram 3000 permeable geotextile layer was laid to stop upward root growth. Same as Type 2. Paving material Finished off with 100 mm depth of composting mulch. 50 mm laying course of 6 mm washed graded aggregate was laid. Finally Marshall ‘Priora’x concrete block paving was used to seal the pit. Same as Type 2. ↵zUrban soil is a mix of 50% sand and 50% topsoil; overall texture is 10%–12% clay, 10%–12% silt, and 75%–80 % sand content.
↵yRoot cell system (Green-tech Ltd, York, UK): Each cell is 250 mm × 250 mm × 90 mm in size, made of recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and has a load-bearing capacity of 80 tonnes per m2, each cell weighs 0.38 kg and has 92% empty space inside.
↵xMarshall ‘Priora’ concrete block: These are special zigzag bordered blocks with approximately 6 mm of gap between each block which allows 1.8 L S−1 m−2 water through them.
- Table 2.
Phenological observations on Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types. Observations were carried out between mid-March and mid-December 2011 and 2012, and between mid-September and mid-December 2010.
State 2nd week March 1st week April 3rd week September 3rd week October 1st week November 3rd week November 1st week December 3rd week December Small covered pit
Bud break
Autumn color
Leaf fallStarted >60% ∼12% ∼40% Peak >30% >80% Completed Large covered pit
Bud break
Autumn color
Leaf fallStarted >70% ∼10% ∼20% ∼45% Peak
>20%>50% >90% Open pit
Bud break
Autumn color
Leaf fallStarted >80% ∼10% ∼20% ∼30% Peak
>15%>40% >80% - Table 3.
Foliar nutrient status of Pyrus calleryana trees grown in the three pit types. Leaves were collected on August 15, 2011, and August 29, 2012 approximately 12–14 weeks after the full bloom.
Planting pit technique 2011 and 2012 Nutrients Mean (%) Mean (μg/g) N P K Ca Mg Al B Co Cu Fe Mn Mo Na Ni Zn Small covered 1.27b 0.10b 1.23b 2.14 0.23 21.73 5.25 0.25 0 52.58b 14.20b 0 165.20 8.00 23.60b Large covered 1.60b 0.13ab 1.31 ab 2.16 0.24 22.73 9.05 0.40 0 67.23a 16.20ab 0 184.40 8.95 29.85ab Open 1.96a 0.15a 1.49a 2.31 0.22 22.38 10.30 0.30 0.15 72.13a 21.15a 1.30 169.15 12.80 36.60a
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