Impact of Tree Size and Container Volume at Planting, Mulch, and Irrigation on Acer rubrum L. Growth and Anchorage

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. American Association of Nurserymen (AAN)

   . 2004. American Standard for Nursery Stock, Z60.1. American National Standards Institute, Washington D.C., U.S.
2. ↵
   1. Arnold, M.A.

   2005. Planting depth and mulch thickness affect establishment of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and Bougainvillea goldenraintree (Koelreuteria bipinnata). Journal of Arboriculture 31:163–170.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Arnold, M.A., and
   2. G.V. McDonald

   . 2009. Groundcovers, organic and inorganic mulches, and masonry surfaces differentially affect establishment and root zone characteristics of urban trees. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:232–240.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Coutts, M.P.

   1983. Root architecture and tree stability. Plant and Soil 71:171–188.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Coutts, M.P., and
   2. J.J. Philipson

   . 1977. The influence of mineral nutrition on the root development of trees. III. Plasticity of root growth in response to changes in the nutrient environment. Journal of Experimental Botany 28:1071–1075.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. ↵
   1. Duryea, M.L.,
   2. E. Kampf, and
   3. R.C. Littell

   . 2007. Hurricanes and the urban forest: I. Effects on southeastern United States coastal plain species. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33:83–97.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. M.P. Coutts and
   2. J. Grace

   1. Ennos, A.R.

   1995. Development of buttress in rainforest trees: The influence of mechanical stress. In: M.P. Coutts and J. Grace (Eds.). Wind and Trees. pp. 293–301. Cambridge Univ. Press Cambridge.
8. ↵
   1. Fourcaud, T.,
   2. X. Zhang, and
   3. A. Stokes

   . 2008. Understanding the impact of root morphology on overturning mechanisms: A model approach. Annals of Botany 101:1267–1280.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
9. ↵
   1. Fraser, A.I., and
   2. J.B.H. Gardiner

   . 1967. Rooting and stability in Sitka spruce. Forestry Commission Bulletin 40, HMS, London.
10. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F., and
    2. C. Wiese

    . 2012. Root pruning at planting and planting depth in the nursery impact root system morphology and anchorage. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38:232–239.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F., and
    2. F.J. Masters

    . 2010. Effect of tree size, root pruning and production method on root growth and lateral stability of Quercus virginiana. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:281–291.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F., and
    2. J.C. Grabosky

    . 2004. Mulch and planting depth affect live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) establishment. Journal of Arboriculture 30:311–317.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F., and
    2. J.C. Grabosky

    . 2011. Quercus virginiana root attributes and lateral stability after planting at different depths. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:3–9.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F.,
    2. C. Harchick, and
    3. M. Paz

    . 2010a. Effect of tree size, root pruning and production method on establishment of Quercus virginiana. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 36:183–190.

    OpenUrl
15. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F.,
    2. J.C. Grabosky,
    3. A. Stodola, and
    4. M.D. Marshall

    . 2003. Irrigation and container type impact red maple five years after landscape planting. Journal of Arboriculture 29:231–236.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F.,
    2. M. Paz, and
    3. C. Harchick

    . 2010b. Root ball shaving improves root systems on seven species in containers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28:13–18.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Gilman, E.F.,
    2. R.J. Black, and
    3. B. Dehgan

    . 1998. Irrigation volume and frequency and tree size affect establishment rate. Journal of Arboriculture 24:1–9.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Harris, J.R., and
    2. E.F. Gilman

    . 1993. Production method affects growth and post-transplant establishment of ‘East Palatka’ holly. Journal of American Society for Horticulture Science 118:194–200.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Hewitt, A., and
    2. G.W. Watson

    . 2009. Bare root liner production can alter tree root architecture. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27:99–104.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Iles, J.K., and
    2. A.M. Vold

    . 2003. Landscape tree cultivar preferences in Iowa, U.S. Journal of Arboriculture 29:331–336.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Iles, J.K., and
    2. M.S. Dossman

    . 1999. Effect of organic and mineral mulches on soil properties and growth of Fairview Flame red maple trees. Journal of Arboriculture 25:163–167.

    OpenUrl
22. ↵
    1. Kamimura, K.,
    2. K. Kitagawa,
    3. S. Saito, and
    4. H. Mizunaga

    . 2012. Root anchorage of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtuse (Sieb. Et Zucc. Endl.) under the combined loading of wind and rapidly supplied water on soil: Analyses based on tree-pulling experiments. European Journal of Forest Research 131:219–227.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Lindström, A., and
    2. G. Rune

    . 1999. Root deformation in plantations of container-grown Scots pine trees: Effects on root growth, tree stability and stem straightness. Plant and Soil 217:29–37.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
24. ↵
    1. Lyford, W.H., and
    2. B.F. Wilson

    . 1964. Development of the root system of Acer rubrum L. Harvard Forestry Paper No. 10.
25. ↵
    1. Marshall, M.D., and
    2. E.F. Gilman

    . 1998. Effects of container type on root growth and landscape establishment of Acer rubrum. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16:55–59.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Mickovski, S.B., and
    2. R. Ennos

    . 2002. A morphological and mechanical study of the root systems of suppressed crown Scots pine Pinus sylvestris. Trees 16:274–280.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Ortega, U.,
    2. J. Majada,
    3. A. Mena-Petite,
    4. J. Sanchez-Zabala,
    5. N. Rodriguez-Itturrizar,
    6. K. Txarterina,
    7. J. Azpitarte, and
    8. M. Duñabeitia

    . 2006. Field performance of Pinus radiata D. Don produced in nursery with different types of containers. New Forests 31:97–112.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Paine, T.D.,
    2. C.C. Hanlon,
    3. D.R. Pittenger,
    4. D.M. Ferrin, and
    5. M.K. Malinoski

    . 1992. Consequences of water and nitrogen management on growth and aesthetic quality of drought-tolerant woody landscape plants. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10:94–99.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Roppolo, D.J., and
    2. R.W. Miller

    . 2001. Factors predisposing urban trees to sunscald. Journal of Arboriculture 27:246–254.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Salonius, P.,
    2. K. Beaton, and
    3. B. Roze

    . 2000. Effects of cell size and spacing on root density and field performance of container-reared black spruce. Information Report M-X-208E, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Frederickton, New Brunswick, Canada.
31. ↵
    1. Scharenbroch, B.

    2009. A meta-analysis of studies published in Arboriculture & Urban Forestry relating to organic materials and impacts on soil, tree, and environmental properties. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35:221–231.

    OpenUrl
32. ↵
    1. Singer, C.K., and
    2. C.A. Martin

    . 2009. Effect of landscape mulches and drip irrigation on transplant establishment and growth of three North American desert native plants. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27:166–170.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Spomer, A.

    1980. Container soil water relations: Production, maintenance, and transplanting. Journal of Arboriculture 6:315–320.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Stabler, L.B., and
    2. C.A. Martin

    . 2000. Irrigation regimens differently affect growth and water use efficiency of two southwest landscape plants. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 18:66–70.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Stokes, A.

    1999. Strain distribution during anchorage failure of Pinus pinaster Ait. at different ages and tree growth response to wind-induced root movement. Plant and Soil 217:17–27.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
36. ↵
    1. Struve, D.K.,
    2. L. Burchfield, and
    3. C. Maupin

    . 2000. Survival and growth of transplanted large- and small-caliper red oaks. Journal of Arboriculture 26:162–169.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Tanaka, N.,
    2. M.B. Samarakoon, and
    3. J. Yagisawa

    . 2012. Effects of root architecture, physical tree characteristics, and soil shear strength on maximum resistive bending moment for overturning Salix babylonica and Juglans ailantifolia. Landscape Ecological Engineering 8:69–79.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Watson, G.W.

    1985. Tree size affects root regeneration and top growth after transplanting. Journal of Arboriculture 11:37–40.

    OpenUrl