Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Midday stem xylem potential during the first year after planting trees from four container volumes. Different letters for each date indicate significant difference among volumes (n = 16, averaged across mulch and irrigation, P < 0.05).
- Figure 2.
Trunk diameter (a) and tree height (b) measured each September on red maple planted from four container volumes. Asterisk (*) indicates years when caliper or height increase (i.e., current September minus prior September) for trees in 983 L containers was less than the increase for all smaller sizes. Double asterisk (**) indicates height increase from Sept 2009 to 2011 in 11 L containers was more than those in all other volumes. Different letters within a year indicate significant difference in caliper or height (n = 16, averaged across mulch and irrigation treatments, P < 0.05) among container volumes using LSMEANS. Rainfall (cm) indicated above each year designation; rainfall was less than 90% of annual mean (120 cm) in years with a (−).
- Figure 3.
Trunk diameter (a) and tree height (b) measured each September (caliper only in 2010) on red maple planted in mulched and non-mulched plots. Different letters within a year indicate significant difference in caliper or height (n = 32, averaged across container volume and irrigation, P < 0.05) using LSMEANS.
- Figure 4.
Trunk diameter measured each September on red maple planted from four container volumes. Different letters within a year indicate significant difference in diameter (n = 32, averaged across mulch treatments and container volume, P < 0.05) using LSMEANS. Rainfall (cm) indicated above each year designation; rainfall less than 90% of annual mean (120 cm) in years with a (−).
- Figure 5.
Trunk angle (a) at five applied bending stresses and rest angle (b) following cable release of trees planted from four container volumes. Different letters within a bending stress indicate significant difference in angle (n = 8, averaged across irrigation, P < 0.05) using LSMEANS.
- Figure 6.
Distance between the trunk and the winchward root-soil plate edge, winchward hinge point, windward lift point, and windward plate edge while winching trees to 24,132 kN/m2 bending stresses planted six years earlier from four container volumes (A = 11 L; B = 103 L; C = 230 L; D = 983 L). Different letters in a column for each attribute indicate significant difference (n = 8, averaged across irrigation, P < 0.05). Planted root ball depth is truncated for illustration purposes.
- Figure 7.
Exposed root system from trees planted six years earlier from an 11 L container (a) showing many large straight roots, and 983 L (b) container showing large deflected roots close to trunk (left) and only small roots growing into landscape soil (right).
- Figure 8.
Trunk displacement winchward and windward for trees planted from 11 L (A), 103 L (B), 230 L (C), and 983 L (D) container sizes at four bending stresses (n = 8, averaged across irrigation treatments). Bent arrow indicates position of trunk prior to winching. Horizontal trunk displacement on windward side (mm) = [1.22 × (trunk CSA ÷ total root CSA in largest 10 roots)] + [0.002 × bending stress (kN/m2)] – 31.13; P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.56. Vertical trunk displacement on windward side (mm) = [0.17 × (trunk CSA ÷ CSA largest single root)] + [0.006 × container volume (L)] + [0.002 × bending stress (kN/m2)] – 21.24; P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.56.
Tables
- Table 1.
Tree settlement during the first two growing seasons (March 2006 through October 2007) and trunk cracking after planting into field soil from four nursery container volumes.
Container volume at planting (L) Tree settlementz (mm) Number of vertical cracks per trunk 11 +3 (0 to +16) ay 0.1 b 103 −1 (−5 to 0) a 0 b 230 −6 (−16 to 0) b 0.1 b 983 −26 (−32 to −2) c 5.3 a ↵zSettlement: negative number indicates that tree trunk sank into soil in the first 17 months after planting; positive number indicates trees lifted up out of the soil.
Number in parenthesis indicates range.
↵yMeans in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05 and were compared with Duncan’s MRT (n = 16, averaged across irrigation and mulch treatments).
- Table 2.
Trunk and root cross-sectional areaz for trees planted into soil six years earlier from four nursery container volumes.
Container volume at planting (L) Trunk cross-sectional area (cm2) Root cross-sectional area in landscape (cm2) Trunk CSA: root CSAz Percent of five largest roots not deflected (%)y 11 155 ax 114 b 1.7 a 94 c 103 267 b 96 b 4.2 a 53 b 230 321 c 32 a 11.3 ab 12 a 983 459 d 39 a 18.4 b 0 a ↵zTrunk CSA measured 30 cm above soil; total CSA of the five largest roots in north and south quadrants (10 total) measured 15 cm outside original planted root ball periphery; trunk CSA: root CSA ratio calculated as a mean for each tree.
↵yPercent of the five largest roots measured close to the trunk in the top 10 cm of the planted root ball that grew into landscape soil without deflection.
↵xMeans in a column with a different letter are statistically different at P < 0.05 and were compared with Duncan’s MRT (n = 16, averaged across irrigation and mulch treatments).
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