Skip to main content

Main menu

  • Home
  • Content
    • Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Special Issues
    • All Issues
  • Contribute
    • Submit to AUF
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
  • About
    • Overview
    • Editorial Board
    • Journal Metrics
    • International Society of Arboriculture
  • More
    • Contact
    • Feedback
  • Alerts

User menu

  • Log in

Search

  • Advanced search
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
  • Log in
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Content
    • Ahead of Print
    • Current Issue
    • Special Issues
    • All Issues
  • Contribute
    • Submit to AUF
    • Author Guidelines
    • Reviewer Guidelines
  • About
    • Overview
    • Editorial Board
    • Journal Metrics
    • International Society of Arboriculture
  • More
    • Contact
    • Feedback
  • Alerts
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
  • YouTube
  • LinkedIn
Research ArticleArticles

Origins of the Chicago Urban Forest: Composition and Structure in Relation to Presettlement Vegetation and Modern Land Use

Robert T. Fahey, Marlin L. Bowles and Jeanette L. McBride
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) September 2012, 38 (5) 181-193; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2012.027
Robert T. Fahey
Robert T. Fahey (corresponding author), The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, U.S.,
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Marlin L. Bowles
Marlin L. Bowles, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, U.S.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
Jeanette L. McBride
Jeanette L. McBride, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, U.S.
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Search for this author on this site
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF
Loading

LITERATURE CITED

  1. ↵
    1. Angel, J.R.
    2011. Illinois Climate Normals (updated to 1981–2010). Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL. <www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/newnormals/newnormals.htm>
  2. ↵
    1. Boone, C.G.,
    2. M.L. Cadenasso,
    3. J.M. Grove,
    4. K. Schwarz, and
    5. G.L. Buckley
    . 2010. Landscape, vegetation characteristics, and group identity in an urban and suburban watershed: Why the 60s matter. Urban Ecosystems 1–17.
  3. ↵
    1. Borchert, J.R.
    1950. The climate of the central North American grassland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 40:1–39.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  4. ↵
    1. Bowles, M.,
    2. M. Hutchison, and
    3. J. McBride
    . 1994. Landscape pattern and structure of oak savanna, woodland, and barrens in northeastern Illinois at the time of European settlement. pp. 65–74 in Proceedings of the North American Conference on Savannas and Barrens., Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, U.S.
  5. ↵
    1. Bowles, M.,
    2. M. Jones,
    3. J. McBride,
    4. T. Bell, and
    5. C. Dunn
    . 2005. Temporal instability in Chicago’s upland old growth forests. Chicago Wilderness Journal 3:5–16.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Bowles, M.L., and
    2. M.D. Jones
    . 2008. Chronological Change in Old Growth Forests of the Chicago Region. Report to the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the Chicago Wilderness. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, U.S.
  7. ↵
    1. Buckley, D.S.,
    2. J. Isebrands, and
    3. T.L. Sharik
    . 1999. Practical field methods of estimating canopy cover, PAR, and LAI in Michigan oak and pine stands. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 16:25–32.
    OpenUrl
  8. ↵
    1. Cadenasso, M.L.,
    2. S.T.A. Pickett, and
    3. K. Schwarz
    . 2007. Spatial heterogeneity in urban ecosystems: reconceptualizing land cover and a framework for classification. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:80–88.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  9. ↵
    1. Elmqvist, T.,
    2. C. Folke,
    3. M. Nyström,
    4. G. Peterson,
    5. J. Bengtsson,
    6. B. Walker, and
    7. J. Norberg
    . 2003. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:488–494.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  10. ↵
    1. Fehrenbacher, J.B.,
    2. D. Alexander,
    3. I.J. Jansen,
    4. R.G. Darmody,
    5. R.A. Pope,
    6. M.A. Flock,
    7. E.E. Voss,
    8. J.W. Scott,
    9. W.F. Andrews, and
    10. L.J. Bushue
    . 1984. Soils of Illinois. Bulletin 778. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign College of Agriculture Experiment Station and Soil Conservation Service, S.S. Department of Agriculture.
  11. ↵
    1. Grove, J.M.,
    2. M.L. Cadenasso,
    3. W.R. Burch,
    4. S.T.A. Pickett,
    5. K. Schwarz,
    6. J. O’Neil-Dunne,
    7. M. Wilson,
    8. A. Troy, and
    9. C. Boone
    . 2006. Data and methods comparing social structure and vegetation structure of urban neighborhoods in Baltimore, Maryland. Society and Natural Resources 19:117.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  12. ↵
    1. Haack, R.A.,
    2. F. Hérard,
    3. J. Sun, and
    4. J.J. Turgeon
    . 2009. Managing invasive populations of Asian longhorned beetle and citrus longhorned beetle: a worldwide perspective. Annual Review of Entomology 55:521.
    OpenUrl
  13. ↵
    1. Hintze, J.
    2003. NCSS 2004 Statistical Software, Kaysville, Utah, U.S.
  14. ↵
    1. Iverson, L.R., and
    2. E.A. Cook
    . 2000. Urban forest cover of the Chicago region and its relation to household density and income. Urban Ecosystems 4:105–124.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  15. ↵
    1. Law, J.R.,
    2. P.S. Johnson, and
    3. G. Houf
    . 1994. A crown cover chart for oak savannas. TB-NC-2. US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.
  16. ↵
    1. Manies, K L., and
    2. D.J. Mladenoff
    . 2000. Testing methods to produce landscape-scale presettlement vegetation maps from the US public land survey records. Landscape Ecology 15:741–754.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  17. ↵
    1. Manies, K.L.,
    2. D J. Mladenoff, and
    3. E.V. Nordheim
    . 2001. Assessing large-scale surveyor variability in the historic forest data of the original US Public Land Survey. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1719–1730.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Martin, P.H., and
    2. P.L. Marks
    . 2006. Intact forests provide only weak resistance to a shade tolerant invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.). Journal of Ecology 94:1070–1079.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  19. ↵
    1. C. Peterson
    1. McBride, J.L., and
    2. M.L. Bowles
    . 2001. Vegetation pattern of DuPage and Will counties at the time of European settlement. In: C. Peterson (Ed.). Proceedings of the 12th Northern Illinois Prairie Conference. College of DuPage, Glen Ellyn, Illinois, U.S.
  20. ↵
    1. McBride, J.R., and
    2. D.F. Jacobs
    . 1986. Presettlement forest structure as a factor in urban forest development. Urban Ecology 9:245–266.
    OpenUrl
  21. ↵
    1. McCune, B., and
    2. M.J. Mefford
    . 2006. PC-ORD. Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data. MjM Software Design. Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S. Version 5.2.
  22. ↵
    1. McCune, B., and
    2. J.B. Grace
    . 2002. Analysis of Ecological Communities. MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon, U.S.
  23. ↵
    1. McPherson, E.G.,
    2. D. Nowak,
    3. G. Heisler,
    4. S. Grimmond,
    5. C. Souch,
    6. R. Grant, and
    7. R. Rowntree
    . 1997. Quantifying urban forest structure, function, and value: The Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Urban Ecosystems 1:49–61.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  24. ↵
    1. McPherson, E.G.,
    2. D.J. Nowak, and
    3. R.A. Rowntree
    . 1994. Chicago’s urban forest ecosystem: results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.
  25. ↵
    1. Nowacki, G.J., and
    2. M.D. Abrams
    . 2008. The demise of fire and “mesophication” of forests in the eastern United States. BioScience 58:123–138.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  26. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.
    1993. Historical vegetation change in Oakland and its implications for urban forest management. Journal of Arboriculture 19:313–319.
    OpenUrl
  27. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.
    1994. Understanding the structure of urban forests. Journal of Forestry 92:42–46.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    1. M. Hansen and
    2. T. Burk
    1. Nowak, D.J., and
    2. D.E. Crane
    . 2000. The Urban Forest Effects (UFORE) model: quantifying urban forest structure and functions. In: M. Hansen and T. Burk (Eds.). Integrated tools for natural resources inventories in the 21st century. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-212. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 714–720.
  29. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.,
    2. D.E. Crane,
    3. J.C. Stevens,
    4. R.E. Hoehn,
    5. J.T. Walton, and
    6. J. Bond
    . 2008. A ground-based method of assessing urban forest structure and ecosystem services. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 34:347–358.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.,
    2. J.E. Pasek,
    3. R.A. Sequeira,
    4. D.E. Crane, and
    5. V.C. Mastro
    . 2001b. Potential effect of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on urban trees in the United States. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:116–122.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  31. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.,
    2. M.H. Noble,
    3. S.M. Sisinni, and
    4. J.F. Dwyer
    . 2001a. People and trees: Assessing the U.S. urban forest resource. Journal of Forestry 99:37–42.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.,
    2. R.A. Rowntree,
    3. E.G. McPherson,
    4. S.M. Sisinni,
    5. E.R. Kerkmann, and
    6. J.C. Stevens
    . 1996. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover. Landscape and Urban Planning 36:49–57.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Pickett, S.T.A.,
    2. M.L. Cadenasso,
    3. J.M. Grove,
    4. P.M. Groffman,
    5. L.E. Band,
    6. C.G. Boone,
    7. W.R. Burch, Jr.,
    8. C.S.B. Grimmond,
    9. J. Hom, and
    10. J.C. Jenkins
    . 2008. Beyond urban legends: An emerging framework of urban ecology, as illustrated by the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. BioScience 58:139–150.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  34. ↵
    1. Poland, T.M., and
    2. D.G. McCullough
    . 2006. Emerald Ash Borer: Invasion of the Urban Forest and the Threat to North Americas Ash Resource. Journal of Forestry 104:118–124.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Rowntree, R.A.
    1984a. Ecology of the urban forest--Introduction to part I. Urban Ecology 8:1–11.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  36. ↵
    1. Rowntree, R.A.
    1984b. Forest canopy cover and land use in four eastern United States cities. Urban Ecology 8:13–27.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Rowntree, R.A.
    1986. Ecology of the urban forest--Introduction to part II. Urban Ecology 9:229–243.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  38. ↵
    1. Santamour, F.S., Jr.
    . 2004. Trees for urban planting: diversity uniformity, and common sense. pp. 57–65 in 7th Conference of the Metropolitan Tree Planting Alliance (METRA).
  39. ↵
    1. Transeau, E.N.
    1935. The prairie peninsula. Ecology 16:423–437.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  40. ↵
    U.S. Census-Bureau. 2011. 2010 Census Data. <http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/>.
  41. ↵
    1. Walker, J.S.,
    2. N.B. Grimm,
    3. J.M. Briggs,
    4. C. Gries, and
    5. L. Dugan
    . 2009. Effects of urbanization on plant species diversity in central Arizona. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7:465–470.
    OpenUrl
  42. ↵
    1. Willman, H.B.
    1971. Summary of the geology of the Chicago area. Circular 460. Urbana, Illinois: Illinois State Geological Survey.
  43. ↵
    1. Woodall, C.,
    2. D. Nowak,
    3. G. Liknes, and
    4. J. Westfall
    . 2010. Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the eastern United States. Forest Ecology and Management 259:1447–1454.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  44. ↵
    1. Zipperer, W.C.
    2002. Species composition and structure of regenerated and remnant forest patches within an urban landscape. Urban Ecosystems 6:271–290.
    OpenUrl
  45. ↵
    1. Zipperer, W.C.,
    2. S.M. Sisinni,
    3. R.V. Pouyat, and
    4. T.W. Foresman
    . 1997. Urban tree cover: An ecological perspective. Urban Ecosystems 1:229–246.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
PreviousNext
Back to top

In this issue

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 38 (5)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 38, Issue 5
September 2012
  • Table of Contents
  • Table of Contents (PDF)
  • Index by author
Print
Download PDF
Email Article

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
Origins of the Chicago Urban Forest: Composition and Structure in Relation to Presettlement Vegetation and Modern Land Use
(Your Name) has sent you a message from Arboriculture & Urban Forestry
(Your Name) thought you would like to see the Arboriculture & Urban Forestry web site.
Citation Tools
Origins of the Chicago Urban Forest: Composition and Structure in Relation to Presettlement Vegetation and Modern Land Use
Robert T. Fahey, Marlin L. Bowles, Jeanette L. McBride
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Sep 2012, 38 (5) 181-193; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2012.027

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Share
Origins of the Chicago Urban Forest: Composition and Structure in Relation to Presettlement Vegetation and Modern Land Use
Robert T. Fahey, Marlin L. Bowles, Jeanette L. McBride
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Sep 2012, 38 (5) 181-193; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2012.027
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
  • Tweet Widget
  • Facebook Like
  • Google Plus One
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

  • Article
    • Abstract
    • METHODS
    • RESULTS
    • DISCUSSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • LITERATURE CITED
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

Related Articles

  • No related articles found.
  • Google Scholar

Cited By...

  • No citing articles found.
  • Google Scholar

More in this TOC Section

  • Right Appraisal for the Right Purpose: Comparing Techniques for Appraising Heritage Trees in Australia and Canada
  • Urban Tree Mortality: The Purposes and Methods for (Secretly) Killing Trees Suggested in Online How-To Videos and Their Diagnoses
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in Tree Risk Assessment (TRA): A Systematic Review
Show more Articles

Similar Articles

Keywords

  • Canopy Structure
  • Chicago
  • Ecosystem Services
  • land use
  • oak
  • Presettlement
  • Quercus
  • urban forest

© 2025 International Society of Arboriculture

Powered by HighWire