Research ArticleArticles

Resistance of Landscape-Suitable Elms to Japanese Beetle, Gall Aphids, and Leaf Miners, with Notes on Life History of Orchestes alni and Agromyza aristata in Kentucky

Jennie M. Condra, Cristina M. Brady and Daniel A. Potter
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) May 2010, 36 (3) 101-109; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.014

Article Figures & Data

Figures

  • Figure 1.
    Figure 1.

    Leaf mines and aphid pouch galls evaluated on trees in the National Elm Trial site in Lexington, Kentucky: (a) serpentine-blotch mine of Orchestes alni; (b) serpentine mine of Agromyza aristata, (c) Blotch mine of Kaliofenusa ulmi, (d) gall induced by Tetraneura nigriabdominalis.

  • Figure 2.
    Figure 2.

    Life stages and symptoms of European elm flea weevil, Orchestes alni: (a) adult weevil, (b) larva removed from mine, (c, d) adult feeding injury. A typical mine is shown in Figure 1.

  • Figure 3.
    Figure 3.

    Cumulative leaf area loss by late July from Japanese beetle feeding on elms. Cultivar abbreviations are listed in Table 1. There were significant differences among cultivars (ANOVA, P < 0.001) with the following significant differences (all P < 0.01) indicated by linear contrasts in each year: 1) U. parvifolia + propiqua < americana; 2) U. parvifolia + propiqua < wilsoniana; 3) U. parvifolia + propiqua < all hybrids; 4) U. americana < all hybrids. For 2006, “X” denotes cultivars that had not yet been planted.

  • Figure 4.
    Figure 4.

    Abundance of aphid (T. nigriabdominalis) pouch galls on elm species and cultivars. There were significant differences among cultivars in each year (Kruskal- Wallis nonparametric ANOVA, P < 0.001). For 2006, “X” denotes cultivars that had not yet been planted. An April freeze killed the first flush of leaves of most cultivars in 2007. Data are number per 100 leaves (2006, 2008) or per ten 30 cm shoots (2009).

  • Figure 5.
    Figure 5.

    Abundance of A. aristata leaf mines on elm species and cultivars. Cultivar abbreviations are listed in Table 1. See Figure 4 legend for sample sizes and statistical differences.

  • Figure 6.
    Figure 6.

    Abundance of K. alni leaf mines on elm species and cultivars. See Figure 4 legend for sample sizes and statistical differences.

  • Figure 7.
    Figure 7.

    Abundance of European elm flea weevil, O. alni, leaf mines on elm species and cultivars. There were significant differences among cultivars (ANOVA, P < 0.001) with the following significant differences (all P < 0.01) indicated by linear contrasts in each year: 1) U. parvifolia + propiqua < americana; 2) U. parvifolia + propiqua < wilsoniana; 3) U. parvifolia + propiqua < all hybrids, 4) U. americana < all hybrids. Small numbers of weevils were first observed at the study site in 2007. Data here are number per 100 leaves (2008) or per ten 30 cm shoots (2009).

  • Figure 8.
    Figure 8.

    (a) Seasonal abundance of O. alni adults on two susceptible elm cultivars in 2009 based on two-minute counts performed weekly from before bud break until mid-June, and on two dates in July. (b) Correlation between numbers of O. alni mines and weevil feeding scars showing that cultivars relatively resistant to mining also are less-damaged by the adults. Each point represents the mean for a different cultivar. The four most resistant cultivars were Jefferson (fewest mines/holes), Morton Accolade, Emerald Sunshine, and Morton Stalwart Commemoration. The four most susceptible were Homestead (most mines/holes), New Horizon, Emer II Allee, and Frontier.

Tables

  • Table 1.

    Elm species, hybrids, and cultivars evaluated for insect resistance in Lexington, KY, 2006-2009, with geographical origins and selected leaf characteristics.

    Species or parentageCultivar nameAbbr.Native rangeLeaf area (cm2)Leaves per shootPubesc. ratingz
    U. americanaValley ForgeVFN. America [NA]28±420±80/3
    PrincetonPN31±516±60/3
    JeffersonJ29±813± 41/3
    New HarmonyNH28±519±50/3
    Lewis & Clark Prairie ExpeditionPE43±1011±10/1
    U. parvifoliaEmer II AlleeEAJapan, China, Korea [A]2±0.2142±470/0
    Athena Classic LacebarkA2±0.4177±250/1
    Everclear LacebarkE2±0.5179±720/1
    U. propinqua (JFS Bierberich)Emerald SunshineESJapan [A]20±234±133/4
    U. wilsonianaProspectorPRChina [A]20±227±80/2
    U. pumila × japonicaMorton Plainsman VanguardMPA×A11±240±130/0
    New HorizonNh16±353±140/2
    U. japonica × wilsonianaMorton Red Tip Danada CharmMRA×A8±2143±631/1
    Morton AccoladeM16±120±80/0
    U. pumila × japonica × wilsonianaMorton Glossy TriumphMGA×A×A10±370±261/2
    U. carpinifolia × pumila × wilsonianaMorton Stalwart CommendationMSA×A×A12±345±241/2
    U. glabra × carp. × pumila × wilson.PatriotPTE×A10±275±371/3
    U. carp. × U. parvifoliaFrontierFE×A4±0.4101±430/0
    U. glabra × carp. × pumilaHomesteadHE×E×A4±0.5113±250/0
    U. glabra × carpinifoliaPioneerPIE×E11±148±50/1

    • ↵zPubescence rating: 0 = glabrous; 1 = a few sparse trichomes; 2, 3, 4 = lightly, moderately, and densely pubescent, respectively. The two numbers represent adaxial/abaxial leaf surfaces.

    • Parental species (native ranges) not listed: U. carpinifolia (Europe, N. Africa [E]); U. glabra (Europe, W. Asia [E]); U. pumila (Siberia, China, Korea [A]); U. davidiana var. japonica (China, Japan, Korea [A]).

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Resistance of Landscape-Suitable Elms to Japanese Beetle, Gall Aphids, and Leaf Miners, with Notes on Life History of Orchestes alni and Agromyza aristata in Kentucky
Jennie M. Condra, Cristina M. Brady, Daniel A. Potter
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) May 2010, 36 (3) 101-109; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2010.014
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