Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
The results of M1, M2, and M3 visualized on an ultraviolet gel documentation system after 2 hr electrophoresis at 4 V/cm on a 1% Metaphor 1% standard agarose gel. M1 = Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from DNA extracts of Trametes versicolor (lane 1), Ganoderma adspersum (lane 2), Inonotus hispidus (lane 3), and Phellinus torulosus (lane 4), M2: PCR products from DNA extracts of Hericium erinaceum (lane 1), Armillaria mellea (lane 2), Pleurotus ostreatus (lane 3), and Laetiporus sulphureus (lane 4). M3: PCR products from DNA extracts of Ustulina deusta (lane 1), Stereum spp. (lane 2), Trametes spp. (lane 3), Schizophyllum spp. (lane 4), and Perenniporia fraxinea (lane 5). M = molecular weight marker 100 bp DNA ladder. Molecular weights are indicated in base pairs (bp).
- Figure 2.
The results of Mhyme and Mgano visualized on an ultraviolet gel documentation system after 2 hr 30 min electrophoresis at 4 V/cm on a 1% Metaphor 1% standard agarose gel. Mhyme: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from DNA extracts of Phellinus tuberculosus (lane 1), Inonotus hispidus (lane 2), Phellinus gilvus (lane 3), Inonotus dryadeus (lane 4), Phellinus punctatus (lane 5), and Inonotus dryophilus (lane 6). Mgano: PCR products from DNA extracts of Ganoderma resinaceum (lane 1), Ganoderma lucidum (lane 2), Ganoderma applanatum (lane 3), and Ganoderma adspersum (lane 4). M = molecular weight marker 100 bp DNA ladder. Molecular weights are indicated in base pairs (bp).
- Figure 3.
Summary of the steps included in the method. Groups detectable by Mhyme refer to taxonomic groups described by Wagner and Fischer (2001, 2002).
- Figure 4.
Diagnostic efficiency of the method on wood samples taken from decay-affected trees. For details, see the text.
Tables
- Table 1.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer combinations, diagnostic purposes, and positively tested species.
Multiplex PCR Primers combinationz Taxon-specific amplicon size/taxon identified Positively tested fungal species Forward Reverse M1 ITS1-F ITS4 600–850 bp/fungi Gano2R 226–228 bp/Ganoderma spp. G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, G. resinaceum F115 Hyme2R 111 bp/Inonotus spp.–Phellinus spp. I. andersonii, I. dryophilus, I. dryadeus, I. hispidus, I. radiatus, I. tamaricis, P. gilvus, P. ign, P. pini, P. punctatus, P. robustus, P. torulosus, P. tremulae, P. tuberculosas M2 ITS3 Armi2R 185 bp/Armillaria spp. A. gallica, A. mellea, A. nabsnona 25sF LaetR 146 bp/L. sulphureus L. sulphureus Pleu2R 158 bp/Pleurotus spp. P. ostreatus, P. pulmonarius Heri2R 200 bp/Hericium spp. H. coralloides, H. erinaceum M3 ITS3 PerR 152 bp/P. fraxinea P. fraxinea Schi2R 190 bp/Schizophyllum spp. S. commune, S. radiatum Ste2R 231–236 bp/Stereum spp. S. hirsutum, S. rugosum, S. sanguinolentum Ustu2R 260 bp/U. deusta U. deusta MS1 TraR 220 bp/Trametes spp. T. cervina, T. versicolor, T. zonatella Mgano ITS1-F GadR 211 bp/G. adspersum G. adspersum GapR 200 bp/G. applanatum G. applanatum GlR 193 bp/European G. lucidum G. lucidum (from Europe) GrR 178 bp/G. resinaceum G. resinaceum, G. lucidum (from North America) Mhyme 25sF FomR 258 bp/Fomitiporia P. punctatus, P. robustus FuscR 225 bp/Fuscoporia P. gilvus, P. torulosus IdryaR 254 bp/Pseudoinonotus I. dryadeus InocuR 265 bp/Inocutis I. dryophilus InssR 214 bp/Inonotus s. s. I. andersonii, I. hispidus PhssR 173 bp/Phellinus s.s. P. igniarius, P. tremulae, P. tuberculosus ↵zPrimers are reported in Guglielmo et al. (2007, 2008). Primer for Ustulina deusta is reported in this study.
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