Challenging Chinese Hemlock (Tsuga chinensis) with Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) Ovisacs | Arboriculture & Urban Forestry

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Table 1.

The five inoculation treatments.

Treatment number	HWA inoculation rate	Sleeve	Abbreviation
1	Low (10–20 ovisacs)	100 μm sleeve	L100
2	High (25–40 ovisacs)	100 μm sleeve	H100
3	Low (10–20 ovisacs)	1000 μm sleeve	L1000
4	High (25–40 ovisacs)	1000 μm sleeve	H1000
5	Intermediate (20–25 ovisacs)	No sleeve	CNS

HWA = hemlock woolly adelgid.

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Table 2.

The total number of blocks and replications at each experiment site.

County	Blocks (trees)	L100	H100	L1000	H1000	CNS
Eastern hemlock
Berks	6	6	6	6	6	6
Center	5	5	5	5	4^{^z}	5
Lackawanna	6	6	6	6	6	6
Totals	17	17	17	17	16	17
Chinese hemlock
Berks	5	5	5	5	5	5
Center	5	5	5	5	5	5
Lackawanna	4	4	4	4	4	4
Totals	14	14	14	14	14	14

↵^zOne sleeve was destroyed by a dog several weeks into the study.

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Table 3.
The least squares means of nymphs on eastern hemlock at each experiment location.
Location Least squares mean
Berks 7.33 a
Center 9.15 a
Lackawanna 20.33 b
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Table 4.
Successful establishment of hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock at each experiment location.
Location Least squares mean^{^z}
Berks 1.50 a
Center 1.60 ab
Lackawanna 1.77 b
↵^zData coded as 1 = noninfested; 2 = infested.
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Table 5.
The least squares means of nymphs on eastern hemlock by treatment.
Treatment Least squares mean
L100 19.33 c
H100 15.69 bc
L1000 8.67 ab
H1000 16.00 bc
CNS 1.67 a
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Table 6.
Successful establishment of hemlock woolly adelgid on eastern hemlock by treatment.
Treatment Least squares mean^{^z}
L100 1.77 bc
H100 1.83 c
L1000 1.57 b
H1000 1.81 bc
CNS 1.13 a
↵^zData coded as 1 = noninfested; 2 = infested.

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