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Research ArticleArticles

Failure Mode and Prediction of the Strength of Branch Attachments

Brian Kane, Robert Farrell, Shepard M. Zedaker, J.R. Loferski and D.W. Smith
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) September 2008, 34 (5) 308-316; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2008.042
Brian Kane
Brian Kane (corresponding author), University of Massechusettes-NRC, 126 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003, U.S.,
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Robert Farrell
Robert Farrell, Virginia Department of Forestry,
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Shepard M. Zedaker
Shepard M. Zedaker, Professor, Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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J.R. Loferski
J.R. Loferski, Professor, Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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D.W. Smith
D.W. Smith, Shelton H. Short Jr. Professor Emeritus, Department of Forestry, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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  • Article
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LITERATURE CITED

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    1. Green, D.W.,
    2. J.E. Winandy, and
    3. D.E. Kretschmann
    . 1999. Mechanical properties of wood. In: Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-113. USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 463 pp.
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    1. Hauer, R.J.,
    2. W. Wang, and
    3. J.O. Dawson
    . 1993. Ice storm damage to urban trees. Journal of Arboriculture 19: 187–194.
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    1. Jim, C.Y., and
    2. H.H.T. Liu
    . 1997. Storm damage on urban trees in Guangzhou, China. Landscape and Urban Planning 38: 45–59.
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    1. Kane, B.
    2007. Branch strength of Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana var. ‘Bradford’). Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 33: 283–291.
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    1. Kane, B., and
    2. P. Clouston
    . 2008. Tree pulling of large shade trees in the genus Acer. Arboriculture and Urban Forestry 34: 101–109.
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    1. Lilly, S., and
    2. T.D. Sydnor
    . 1995. Comparison of branch failure during static loading of silver and Norway maples. Journal of Arboriculture 21: 302–305.
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    1. MacDaniels, L.H.
    1923. The Apple-Tree Crotch. Bulletin 419. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, NY. 22 pp.
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    1. MacDaniels, L.H.
    1932. Factors affecting the breaking strength of apple tree crotches. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 29: 44.
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    1. Miller, V.J.
    1959. Crotch influence on strength and breaking point of apple tree branches. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 73: 27–32.
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    1. Muller, U.,
    2. W. Gindl, and
    3. G. Jeronimidis
    . 2006. Biomechanics of a branch–stem junction in softwood. Trees (Berlin) 20: 643–648.
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  13. ↵
    1. Pfisterer, J.A.
    2003. Towards a better understanding of tree failure: Investigations into bending stresses of branch junction and stems of hazel (Corylus avellana L.) as a model organism. Mitteilungen-Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land und Forstwirtschaft 394: 272–279.
    OpenUrl
  14. ↵
    1. Putz, F.E.,
    2. P.D. Coley,
    3. K. Lu,
    4. A. Montalvo, and
    5. A. Aiello
    . 1983. Uprooting and snapping of trees: Structural determinants and ecological consequences. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13: 1011–1020.
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  15. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L.
    1985. How branches are attached to tree trunks. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1391–1401.
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  16. ↵
    1. Simpson, W., and
    2. A. TenWolde
    . 1999. Physical properties and moisture relations of wood. In: Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-113. USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 463 pp.
  17. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T.
    2003. Does included bark reduce the strength of codominant stems? Journal of Arboriculture 29: 104–106.
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    1. Smiley, E.T.,
    2. C.M. Greco, and
    3. J.G. Williams
    . 2000. Brace rods for codominant stems: Installation location and breaking strength. Journal of Arboriculture 26: 170–176.
    OpenUrl
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Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 34 (5)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 34, Issue 5
September 2008
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Failure Mode and Prediction of the Strength of Branch Attachments
Brian Kane, Robert Farrell, Shepard M. Zedaker, J.R. Loferski, D.W. Smith
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Sep 2008, 34 (5) 308-316; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2008.042

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Failure Mode and Prediction of the Strength of Branch Attachments
Brian Kane, Robert Farrell, Shepard M. Zedaker, J.R. Loferski, D.W. Smith
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Sep 2008, 34 (5) 308-316; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2008.042
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Keywords

  • Branch attachment
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