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Research ArticleArticles

Use of Water by Eastern Hemlock: Implications for Systemic Insecticide Application

Chelcy R. Ford, James M. Vose, Michael Daley and Nathan Phillips
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) November 2007, 33 (6) 421-427; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.048
Chelcy R. Ford
Chelcy R. Ford (corresponding author), Research Ecologist, USDA FS SRS Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd., Otto, NC 28763, U.S.,
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  • For correspondence: [email protected]
James M. Vose
James M. Vose, Project Leader and Research Ecologist, USDA FS SRS Coweeta Hydrologic Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd., Otto, NC 28763, U.S.
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Michael Daley
Michael Daley, Geography Department, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, U.S.
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Nathan Phillips
Nathan Phillips, Associate Professor, Geography Department, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Ave., Boston, MA 02215, U.S.
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    Figure 1.

    Normalized distribution of water flux in the trunk of two eastern hemlock trees each in the southern Appalachians (34.6 and 55.3 cm [13.8 and 22.1 in] diameter at breast height [dbh]) and New England (44.6 and 77.7 cm [17.8 and 31.1 in] dbh). Points at 0, 0 were assumed, whereas all other points were measured. Points represent the mean normalized flux with standard error bars. No error is shown for 6.5, because only one tree had sapwood at that depth.

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    Figure 2.

    Whole-tree daily water use as a percentage of the maximum whole-tree daily water use measured during the studies for eastern hemlock trees in the southern Appalachians (SA) and New England (NE). Each point corresponds to the average of all measurements at each site.

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    Figure 3.

    Measured maximum daily water use for eastern hemlock trees in the southern Appalachians (Coweeta, NC, 26 May 2004; SA) and New England (Harvard Forest, MA, 24 August 2004; NE) during peak seasonal transpiration.

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    Figure 4.

    Estimated whole-tree daily water use of eastern hemlock trees of varying diameter at breast height (dbh, cm) as a function of mean daytime air temperature predicted by model 2 in Table 1.

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    Table 1.

    Predictive multiple-variable linear regression equations for eastern hemlock whole-tree daily water use (dwu, L water per day−1).z

    ModelEquationAdjusted R2F statistic
    1ln (dwu) = −1.33 + 0.061 (dbh) + 0.027 (avg_T) + 0.003 (doy) + 0.676 (vpd)0.83181.74
    2ln (dwu) = −0.970 + 0.061 (dbh) + 0.071 (avg_T)0.78269.04
    • ↵zIndependent variable descriptions and corresponding units are: 1) diameter at breast height (dbh, cm); 2) average daytime air temperature (avg_T, °C); 3) day of year (doy, julian); and 4) average daytime vapor pressure deficit (vpd, kPa). For all predictors, P > |t| was less than 0.01. Both models were significant at P < 0.001.

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Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 33 (6)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 33, Issue 6
November 2007
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Use of Water by Eastern Hemlock: Implications for Systemic Insecticide Application
Chelcy R. Ford, James M. Vose, Michael Daley, Nathan Phillips
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Nov 2007, 33 (6) 421-427; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2007.048

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Use of Water by Eastern Hemlock: Implications for Systemic Insecticide Application
Chelcy R. Ford, James M. Vose, Michael Daley, Nathan Phillips
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Nov 2007, 33 (6) 421-427; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2007.048
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Keywords

  • Adelges tsugae
  • hemlock
  • Imidacloprid
  • insecticide
  • systemic
  • Transpiration
  • Tsuga spp
  • Water Use

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