Research ArticleArticles

Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Landscape Trees: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

James L. Sherald
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) November 2007, 33 (6) 376-385; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2007.043

LITERATURE CITED

    1. Barnard, E.L.,
    2. E.C. Ash,
    3. D.L. Hopkins, and
    4. R.J. McGovern
    . 1998. Distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in oaks in Florida and its association with growth decline in Quercus laevis. Plant Disease 82: 569–572.
    OpenUrl
    1. Beale, J.,
    2. P. Bachi, and
    3. J. Hartman
    . 2002. Landscape plant disease observations from the plant disease diagnostic laboratory—2002, pp. 22–23. In University of Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 2002 Nursery and Landscape Program Research Report. www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr468/pr468.pdf (accessed 8/1/2006).
  3. ↵
    1. Ash, C.
    1. Bentz, J., and
    2. J.L. Sherald
    . 2001. Transmission of the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa to shade trees by insect vectors, pp. 203–208. In Ash, C. (Ed.). Shade Tree Wilt Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
    1. Blake, J.H.
    1993. Distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in oak, maple, and sycamore in South Carolina. Plant Disease 77: 1262.
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    1. Burden, R.S.,
    2. G.A. Carter,
    3. T. Clark,
    4. D.T. Cooke,
    5. S.J. Croker,
    6. A.H.B. Deas,
    7. P. Hedden,
    8. C.S. James, and
    9. J.R. Lenton
    . 1987. Comparative activity of the enantiomers of triadimenol and paclobutrazol as inhibitors of fungal growth and plant sterol and gibberellin biosynthesis. Pesticide Science 21: 253–267.
    OpenUrl
  6. ↵
    1. Chagas, C.M.,
    2. V. Rossetti, and
    3. M.J.G. Beretta
    . 1992. Electron microscopy studies of a xylem-limited bacterium in sweet orange affected with citrus variegated chlorosis disease in Brazil. Journal of Phytopathology 134: 306–312.
    OpenUrl
    1. Chang, C.J.,
    2. M. Garnier,
    3. L. Zreik,
    4. V. Rossetti, and
    5. J.M. Bove
    . 1993. Culture and serological detection of xylem-limited bacterium causing citrus variegated chlorosis and its identification as a strain of Xylella fastidiosa. Current Microbiology 27: 137–142.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  8. ↵
    1. Chang, C.J., and
    2. J.T. Walker
    . 1988. Bacterial leaf scorch of northern red oak: Isolation, cultivation, and pathogenicity of a xylem-limited bacterium. Plant Disease 72: 730–733.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Cochran, L.C., and
    2. L.M. Hutchins
    . 1974. Phony, pp. 96–103. In Virus Diseases and Noninfectious Disorders of Stone Fruits in North America. USDA Agricultural Handbook 437.
  10. ↵
    1. Costa, H.S.,
    2. E. Raetz,
    3. T.R. Pinckard,
    4. C. Gispert,
    5. R. Hernandez-Martinez,
    6. C.K. Dumenyo, and
    7. D.A. Cooksey
    . 2004. Plant hosts of Xylella fastidiosa in and near southern California vineyards. Plant Disease 88: 1255–1261.
    OpenUrl
  11. ↵
    1. Davis, M.J.,
    2. A.H. Purcell, and
    3. S.V. Thomson
    . 1978. Pierce’s disease of grapevines: Isolation of the causal bacterium. Science 199: 75–77.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  12. ↵
    1. Starr, M.P.,
    2. H.O. Stolp,
    3. H.G. Truper,
    4. A. Balows, and
    5. H.G. Schlegel
    1. Davis, M.J.,
    2. R.F. Whitcomb, and
    3. A.G. Gillaspie Jr.
    . 1980. Fastidious bacteria of plant vascular tissue and invertebrates (including so-called rickettsia-like bacteria), pp. 2172–2188. In Starr, M.P., H.O. Stolp, H.G. Truper, A. Balows, and H.G. Schlegel (Eds.). The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria. Springer-Verlag, New York/Heidelberg/Berlin.
  13. ↵
    1. Day, M.F., and
    2. M.J. Bennetts
    . 1954. A Review of Problems of Specificity in Arthropod Vectors of Plant and Animal Viruses. C.S.I.R.O., Canberra, Australia.
    1. deLima, J.E.O.,
    2. V.S. Miranda,
    3. J.S. Hartung,
    4. R.H. Brlansky,
    5. A. Coutinho,
    6. S.R. Roberto, and
    7. E.F. Carlos
    . 1998. Coffee leaf scorch bacterium: Axenic culture, pathogenicity, and comparison with Xylella fastidiosa of citrus. Plant Disease 82: 94–97.
    OpenUrl
  15. ↵
    1. DeStephano, D.
    2005. Chemotherapeutic treatment options of Xylella fastidiosa in shade trees. M.S. Thesis, University of Maryland. https://drum.umd.edu/dspace/bitstream/1903/3251/1/umi-umd-3079.pdf (accessed 8/1/2006).
  16. ↵
    1. Feil, H., and
    2. A.H. Purcell
    . 2001. Temperature-dependent growth and survival of Xylella fastidiosa in vitro and in potted grapevines. Plant Disease 85: 1230–1234.
    OpenUrl
  17. ↵
    1. Frazier, N.W.
    1944. Phylogenetic relationship of the nine known leafhopper vectors of Pierce’s disease of grape. Phytopathology 34: 1000.
    OpenUrl
  18. ↵
    1. Frazier, N.W.
    1965. Xylem viruses and their insect vectors, pp. 91–99. In Proceedings International Conference on Virus and Virus Vectors on Perennial Hosts, with Special Reference to Vitis. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Davis, CA.
  19. ↵
    1. Frazier, N.W., and
    2. J.H. Freitag
    . 1946. Ten additional leafhopper vectors of the virus causing Pierce’s disease of grapes. Phytopathology 36: 634–637.
    OpenUrl
  20. ↵
    1. Freitag, J.H.
    1951. Host range of the Pierce’s disease virus of grapes as determined by insect transmission. Phytopathology 41: 920–934.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
  21. ↵
    1. Goheen, A.C.,
    2. G. Nyland, and
    3. S.K. Lowe
    . 1973. Association of a rickettsialike organism with Pierce’s disease of grapevines and alfalfa dwarf and heat therapy of the disease in grapevines. Phytopathology 63: 341–345.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  22. ↵
    1. Goodwin, P.H., and
    2. A.H. Purcell
    . 1992. Pierce’s disease, pp. 76–84. In Grape Pest Management, 2nd ed. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, CA.
  23. ↵
    1. Gould, A.B.,
    2. G. Hamilton,
    3. M. Vodak,
    4. J. Grabosky, and
    5. J. Lashomb
    . 2004. Bacterial leaf scorch of oak in New Jersey: Incidence and economic impact. Phytopathology 94: S36.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Gould, A.B., and
    2. J.H. Lashomb
    . 2005. Bacterial leaf scorch of shade trees. APSnet. www.apsnet.org/online/feature/bls/ (accessed 8/1/2006).
    1. Hartman, J.
    2002. More landscape trees affected by bacterial leaf scorch. 2002. UK Cooperative Extension Service, Kentucky Pest News. 966: 4. www.uky.edu/Agriculture/kpn/kpnhome.htm (accessed 8/1/2006).
    OpenUrl
    1. Hartman, J.R.,
    2. B.C. Eshenaur, and
    3. U.E. Jarlfors
    . 1995. Bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa: A Kentucky survey; a unique pathogen; and bur oak, a new host. Journal of Arboriculture 21: 77–82.
    OpenUrl
    1. Hartman, J.R.,
    2. U.E. Jarlfors, and
    3. W.M. Fountain
    1996. First report of bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa on sugar maple and sweetgum. Plant Disease 80: 1302.
    OpenUrl
  28. ↵
    1. Hartman, J.R.,
    2. D. Saffray, and
    3. J. Beale
    . 2001. Presence of Xylella fastidiosa in symptomless landscape hosts, pp. 24–25. In 2001 Nursery and Landscape Program Research Report, UK Nursery and Landscape Program. www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr450/PR450.PDF (accessed 8/1/2006).
    1. Haygood, R.A.,
    2. W. Witcher, and
    3. R.K. Jones
    . 1988. Outbreak of sycamore leaf scorch in the Carolinas. Plant Disease 72: 644.
    OpenUrl
  30. ↵
    1. He, C.X.,
    2. W.B. Li,
    3. A.J. Ayres,
    4. J.S. Hartung,
    5. V.S. Miranda, and
    6. D.C. Teixeira
    . 2000. Distribution of Xylella fastidiosa in citrus rootstocks and transmission of citrus variegated chlorosis between sweet orange plants through natural root-grafts. Plant Disease 84: 622–626.
    OpenUrl
  31. ↵
    1. Hearon, S.S.,
    2. J.L. Sherald, and
    3. S.J. Kostka
    . 1980. Association of xylem-limited bacteria with elm, sycamore, and oak leaf scorch. Canadian Journal of Botany 58: 1986–1993.
    OpenUrl
  32. ↵
    1. Hewitt, W.B.,
    2. N.W. Frazier, and
    3. J.H. Freitag
    . 1949. Pierce’s disease investigations. Hilgardia 19: 207–264.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  33. ↵
    1. Hewitt, W.B.,
    2. N.W. Frazier, and
    3. B.R. Houston
    . 1942. Transmission of Pierce’s disease of grapevine with a leafhopper. Phytopathology 32: 8.
    OpenUrl
  34. ↵
    1. Hill, B.L., and
    2. A.H. Purcell
    . 1995. Multiplication and movement of Xylella fastidiosa within grapevine and four other plants. Phytopathology 85: 1368–1372.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  35. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.
    2005. Biological control of Pierce’s disease in the vineyard with a benign strain of Xylella fastidiosa. Phytopathology 95: S44.
    OpenUrl
  36. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L.
    1977. Diseases caused by leafhopper borne, rickettsia-like bacteria. Annual Review of Phytopathology 17: 277–294.
    OpenUrl
  37. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L.
    1981. Seasonal concentration of the Pierce’s disease bacterium in grapevine stems, petioles, and leaf veins. Phytopathology 71: 415–418.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  38. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L.
    1989. Xylella fastidiosa: Xylem-limited bacterial pathogen of plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology 27: 271–290.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  39. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L., and
    2. W.C. Adlerz
    . 1988. Natural hosts of Xylella fastidiosa in Florida. Plant Disease 72: 429–431.
    OpenUrl
  40. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L., and
    2. H.H. Mollenhauer
    . 1973. Rickettsia-like bacterium associated with Pierce’s disease of grapes. Science 179: 298–300.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  41. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L.,
    2. H.H. Mollenhauer, and
    3. W.J. French
    . 1973. Occurrence of a rickettsia-like bacterium in the xylem of peach trees with phony disease. Phytopathology 63: 1422–1423.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  42. ↵
    1. Hopkins, D.L., and
    2. J.A. Mortensen
    . 1971. Suppression of Pierce’s disease symptoms by tetracycline antibiotics. Plant Disease. Reporter 55: 610–612.
    OpenUrl
  43. ↵
    1. Houston, B.R.,
    2. K. Esau, and
    3. W.B. Hewitt
    . 1947. The mode of vector feeding and the tissues involved in the transmission of Pierce’s disease virus in grape and alfalfa. Phytopathology 37: 247–253.
    OpenUrlWeb of Science
    1. Huang, Q.
    2003. First report of Xylella fastidiosa associated with leaf scorch in black oak in Washington, DC. Plant Disease 88: 224.
    OpenUrl
    1. Huang, Q.,
    2. W.N. Li, and
    3. J.S. Hartung
    . 2003. First report of Xylella fastidiosa in Japanese beech bonsai. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 25: 401–405.
    OpenUrl
    1. Kitajima, E.W.,
    2. M. Bakarcic, and
    3. M.V. Fernandez-Valiela
    . 1975. Association of rickettsia-like bacteria with plum leaf scald disease. Phytopathology 65: 476–479.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
    1. Kostka, S.J.,
    2. J.L. Sherald, and
    3. T.A. Tattar
    . 1982. Isolation of bacteria from three elm species and mulberry exhibiting leaf scorch. Phytopathology 72: 936.
    OpenUrl
    1. Kostka, S.J.,
    2. J.L. Sherald, and
    3. T.A. Tattar
    . 1984. Culture of fastidious, xylem-limited bacteria from declining oaks in the northeastern states. Phytopathology 74: 803.
    OpenUrl
  49. ↵
    1. Kostka, S.J.,
    2. T.A. Tattar, and
    3. J.L. Sherald
    . 1985. Suppression of bacterial leaf scorch symptoms in American elm through oxytetracycline microinjection. Journal of Arboriculture 11: 54–58.
    OpenUrl
  50. ↵
    1. Kostka, S.J.,
    2. T.A. Tattar, and
    3. J.L. Sherald
    . 1986a. Elm leaf scorch: Abnormal physiology in American elms infected with fastidious, xylem-inhabiting bacteria. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16: 1088–1091.
    OpenUrl
    1. Kostka, S.J.,
    2. T.A. Tattar,
    3. J.L. Sherald, and
    4. S.S. Hurtt
    . 1986b. Mulberry leaf scorch, new disease caused by a fastidious, xylem-inhabiting bacterium. Plant Disease 70: 690–693.
    OpenUrl
  52. ↵
    1. Lashomb, J.,
    2. A. Iskra,
    3. A.B. Gould, and
    4. G. Hamilton
    (Eds.). 2002. Bacterial Leaf Scorch in Amenity Trees: A Wide-Spread Problem of Economic Significance to the Urban Forest. USDA Forest Service NA-TP-01-03.
    1. Lee, R.F.,
    2. M.J.G. Beretta,
    3. J.H. Hartung,
    4. M.E. Hooker, and
    5. K.S. Derrick
    . 1993. Citrus variegated chlorosis: Confirmation of a Xylella fastidiosa as the causal agent. Summa Phytopathologica 19: 123–125.
    OpenUrl
    1. Leu, L.S., and
    2. C.C. Seu
    . 1993. Isolation, cultivation, and pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa, the causal bacterium of pear leaf scorch disease. Plant Disease 77: 642–646.
    OpenUrl
  55. ↵
    1. Li, W.-B.,
    2. W.D. Pria Jr.,
    3. D.C. Teixeira,
    4. V.S. Miranda,
    5. A.J. Ayres,
    6. C.F. Franco,
    7. M.G. Costa,
    8. C.-X. He,
    9. P.I. Costa, and
    10. J.S. Hartung
    . 2001. Coffee leaf scorch caused by a strain of Xylella fastidiosa from citrus. Plant Disease 85: 501–505.
    OpenUrl
  56. ↵
    1. Li, W.-B.,
    2. C.-H. Zhou,
    3. W.D. Pria Jr.,
    4. D.C. Teixeira,
    5. V.S. Miranda,
    6. E.O. Pereira,
    7. A.J. Ayres,
    8. C.-X. He,
    9. P.I. Costa, and
    10. J.S. Hartung
    . 2002. Citrus and coffee strains of Xylella fastidiosa induce Pierce’s disease in grapevine. Plant Disease 86: 1206–1210.
    OpenUrl
    1. Long, E.A.
    1994. Plant and Pest Diagnostic Center Sample. Summary for Bacterial Leaf Scorch (Xylella fastidiosa) 1988–1993. E&PP Info Note 132 of the University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service. 3 pp.
  58. ↵
    1. Marques, L.L.R.,
    2. H. Ceri,
    3. G.P. Manfio,
    4. D.M. Reid, and
    5. M.E. Olson
    . 2002. Characterization of biofilm formation by Xylella fastidiosa in vitro. Plant Disease 86: 633–638.
    OpenUrl
    1. McCoy, R.E.,
    2. D.L. Thomas,
    3. J.H. Tsai, and
    4. W.J. French
    . 1978. Periwinkle wilt, a new disease associated with xylem delimited rickettsialike bacteria transmitted by a sharpshooter. Plant Disease Reporter 62: 1022–1026.
    OpenUrl
  60. ↵
    1. McElrone, A.J.,
    2. J.L. Sherald, and
    3. I.N. Forseth
    . 2001. Effects of water stress on symptomatology and growth of Parthenocissus quinquefolia infected by Xylella fastidiosa. Plant Disease 85: 1160–1164.
    OpenUrl
  61. ↵
    1. McElrone, A.J.,
    2. J.L. Sherald, and
    3. M.R. Pooler
    . 1999. Identification of alternative hosts of Xylella fastidiosa in the Washington, DC area using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Journal of Arboriculture 25: 258–263.
    OpenUrl
  62. ↵
    1. Meng, Y.,
    2. Y. Li,
    3. C.D. Galvani,
    4. G. Hao,
    5. J.N. Turner,
    6. T.J. Burr, and
    7. H.C. Hoch
    . 2005. Upstream migration of Xylella fastidiosa via pilus-driven twitching motility. Journal of Bacteriology 187: 5560–5567.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  63. ↵
    1. Mircetich, S.M.,
    2. S.K. Lowe,
    3. W.J. Moller, and
    4. G. Nyland
    . 1976. Etiology of almond leaf scorch disease and transmission of the causal agent. Phytopathology 66: 17–24.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  64. ↵
    1. Mollenhauer, H.M., and
    2. D.L. Hopkins
    . 1974. Ultrastructural study of Pierce’s disease bacterium in grape xylem tissue. Journal of Bacteriology 119: 612–618.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Simone, G.W.
    1. Mullen, J.
    1993. Regional Reports—Southeast Region, pp. 6–9. In Plant Diagnostician’s Quarterly. Simone, G.W. (Ed.) XIV (3).
    OpenUrl
  66. ↵
    1. Nyland, G.,
    2. A.C. Goheen,
    3. S.K. Lowe, and
    4. H.C. Kirkpatrick
    . 1973. The ultrastructure of a rickettsialike organism from a peach tree affected with phony disease. Phytopathology 63: 1275–1278.
    OpenUrl
  67. ↵
    1. Pierce, N.B.
    1892. The California vine disease. USDA, Division of Vegetable Pathology Bulletin 2: 1–222.
    OpenUrl
  68. ↵
    1. Insley, E.,
    2. K. Gaffney, and
    3. E. Weber
    1. Pierce’s Disease/Riparian Habitat Workgroup
    . 2000. Information Manual: Riparian Vegetation Management for Pierce’s Disease in North Coast California Vineyards. Insley, E., K. Gaffney, and E. Weber. www.cnr.berkeley.edu/xylella/north/info.htm (accessed 8/1/2006).
  69. ↵
    1. Pooler, M.R., and
    2. J.S. Hartung
    . 1995. Specific PCR detection and identification of Xylella fastidiosa strains causing citrus variegated chlorosis. Current Microbiology 31: 377–381.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  70. ↵
    1. Pooler, M.R.,
    2. I.S. Myung,
    3. J. Bentz,
    4. J. Sherald, and
    5. J.S. Hartung
    . 1997. Detection of Xylella fastidiosa in potential insect vectors by immunomagnetic separation and nested polymerase chain reaction. Letters in Applied Microbiology 25: 123–126.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  71. ↵
    1. Purcell, A.H.
    1975. Role of the blue-green sharpshooter, Hordnia circellata, in the epidemiology of Pierce’s disease of grapevines. Environmental Entomology 4: 745–752.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  72. ↵
    1. Harris, K.F., and
    2. K. Maramorosch
    1. Purcell, A.H.
    1979. Leafhopper vectors of xylem-borne plant pathogens, pp. 603–625. In Harris, K.F., and K. Maramorosch (Eds.). Leafhopper Vectors and Plant Disease Agents. Academic Press, New York.
  73. ↵
    1. Purcell, A.H., and
    2. S.R. Saunders
    . 1999a. Glassy-winged sharpshooters expected to increase plant disease. California Agriculture 53: 26–27.
    OpenUrl
  74. ↵
    1. Purcell, A.H., and
    2. S.R. Saunders
    . 1999b. Fate of Pierce’s disease strains of Xylella fastidiosa in common riparian plants in California. Plant Disease 83: 825–830.
    OpenUrl
    1. Purcell, A.H.,
    2. S.R. Saunders,
    3. M. Hendson,
    4. M.E. Grebus, and
    5. M.J. Henry
    . 1999c. Causal role of Xylella fastidiosa in oleander leaf scorch disease. Phytopathology 89: 53–58.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  76. ↵
    1. Radenmacher, W.,
    2. H.M. Fritschm,
    3. J.E. Graebe,
    4. H. Sauter, and
    5. J. Jung
    . 1987. Tetcyclacis and triazole-type plant growth retardants: Their influence on the biosynthesis of gibberellins and other metabolic processes. Pesticide Science 21: 241–252.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  77. ↵
    1. Raju, B.C.,
    2. A.C. Goheen, and
    3. N.W. Frazier
    . 1983. Occurrence of Pierce’s disease bacteria in plants and vectors in California. Phytopathology 73: 1309–1313.
    OpenUrl
  78. ↵
    1. Raju, B.C.,
    2. S.F. Nome,
    3. D.M. Docampo,
    4. A.C. Goheen,
    5. G. Nyland, and
    6. S.K. Lowe
    . 1980. Alternative hosts of Pierce’s disease of grapevines that occur adjacent to grape growing areas in California. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 31: 144–148.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
    1. Randall, J.J.,
    2. M. Radionenko,
    3. J.M. French,
    4. M.W. Olsen,
    5. N.P. Goldberg, and
    6. S.F. Hanson
    . 2007. Xylella fastidiosa detected in New Mexico in Chitalpa, a common landscape ornamental plant. Plant Disease 91: 329.
    OpenUrl
    1. Sanderlin, R.S., and
    2. K.I. Heyderich-Alger
    . 2000. Evidence that Xylella fastidiosa can cause leaf scorch disease of pecan. Plant Disease 84: 1282–1286.
    OpenUrl
  81. ↵
    1. Schaad, N.W.,
    2. E. Postnikova,
    3. G. Lacy,
    4. M.B. Fatmi, and
    5. C.-J. Chang
    . 2004. Xylella fastidiosa subspecies: X. fastidiosa subsp. piercei subsp. nov., X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex subsp. nov., and X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca subsp. nov. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 27: 290–300.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  82. ↵
    1. Schuenzel, E.L.,
    2. M. Scally,
    3. R. Stouthamer, and
    4. L. Nunney
    . 2005. A multigene phylogenetic study of clonal diversity and divergence in North American strains of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 3832–3839.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  83. ↵
    1. Severin, H.H.P.
    1950. Spittle-insect vectors of Pierce’s disease virus. II. Life history and virus transmission. Hilgardia 19: 357–382.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  84. ↵
    1. Shapland, E.B.,
    2. K.M. Daane,
    3. G.Y. Yokota,
    4. C. Wistrom,
    5. J.H. Connell,
    6. R.A. Duncan, and
    7. M.A. Viveros
    . 2006. Ground vegetation survey for Xylella fastidiosa in California almond orchards. Plant Disease 90: 905–909.
    OpenUrl
  85. ↵
    1. Sherald, J.L.
    1993. Pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa in American elm and failure of reciprocal transmission between strains from elm and sycamore. Plant Disease 77: 190–193.
    OpenUrl
  86. ↵
    1. Ash, C.L.
    1. Sherald, J.L.
    2001. Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterial pathogen of landscape trees, pp. 191–202. In Ash, C.L. (Ed.). Shade Tree Wilt Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
    1. Sherald, J.L.,
    2. S.S. Hearon,
    3. S.J. Kostka, and
    4. D.L. Morgan
    . 1983. Sycamore leaf scorch: Culture and pathogenicity of fastidious xylem-limited bacteria from scorch-affected trees. Plant Disease 67: 849–852.
    OpenUrl
  88. ↵
    1. Sherald, J.L., and
    2. S.J. Kostka
    . 1992. Bacterial leaf scorch of landscape trees caused by Xylella fastidiosa. Journal of Arboriculture 18: 57–63.
    OpenUrl
  89. ↵
    1. Sherald, J.L., and
    2. J.D. Lei
    . 1991. Evaluation of a rapid ELISA test kit for detection of Xylella fastidiosa in landscape trees. Plant Disease 75: 200–203.
    OpenUrl
  90. ↵
    1. Sherald, J.L.,
    2. E.N. Patton,
    3. T.M. Stidham, and
    4. C.L. Favre
    . 1994. Incidence and development of bacterial leaf scorch of elm on the National Mall. Journal of Arboriculture 20: 18–23.
    OpenUrl
    1. Sherald, J.L.,
    2. J.M. Wells,
    3. S.S. Hurtt, and
    4. S.J. Kostka
    . 1987. Association of fastidious, xylem-inhabiting bacteria with leaf scorch in red maple. Plant Disease 71: 930–933.
    OpenUrl
  92. ↵
    1. Simpson, A.J.G.,
    2. F.C. Reinach,
    3. P. Arruda
    , et al. 2000. The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Nature 406: 151–157.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  93. ↵
    1. Sugavanam, B.
    1984. Diastereoisomers and enantiomers of paclobutrazol: Their preparation and biological activity. Pesticide Science 15: 296–302.
    OpenUrl
  94. ↵
    1. Turner, W.F.
    1949. Insect vectors of phony peach disease. Science 109: 87–88.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  95. ↵
    1. Turner, W.F., and
    2. H.N. Pollard
    . 1955. Additional leafhopper vectors of phony peach. Journal of Economic Entomology 48: 771–772.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  96. ↵
    1. Turner, W.F., and
    2. H.N. Pollard
    . 1959. Life Histories and Behavior of Five Insect Vectors of Phony Peach Disease. USDA Technical Bulletin 1188. 28 pp.
    OpenUrl
  97. ↵
    1. Wells, J.M.,
    2. B.C. Raju,
    3. H.Y. Hung,
    4. W.G. Weisburg,
    5. L. Mandelco-Paul, and
    6. D.J. Brenner
    . 1987. Xylella fastidiosa gen. nov., sp. nov.: Gram-negative, xylem-limited, fastidious plant bacteria related to Xanthomonas spp. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 37: 136–143.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
  98. ↵
    1. Wells, J.M.,
    2. B.C. Raju,
    3. J.M. Thomson, and
    4. S.K. Lowe
    . 1981. Evidence of the common etiology of phony peach and plum leaf scald diseases. Phytopathology 71: 1156–1161.
    OpenUrl
    1. Wester, H.V., and
    2. E.W. Jylkka
    . 1959. Elm scorch, graft transmissible virus of American elm. Plant Disease Reporter 43: 519.
    OpenUrl
  100. ↵
    1. Wistrom, C., and
    2. A.H. Purcell
    . 2005. The fate of Xylella fastidiosa in vineyard weeds and other alternate hosts in California. Plant Disease 89: 994–999.
    OpenUrl
    1. Wong, F.,
    2. D.A. Cooksey, and
    3. H.S. Costa
    . 2004. Documentation and characterization of Xylella fastidiosa strains in landscape hosts, pp. 238–241. In California Department of Food and Agriculture Symposium Proceedings, Pierce’s Disease Research. Coronado, CA.
    1. Xylella Fastidiosa
    —A scientific and community Internet resource on plant diseases caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. A.H. Purcell. www.cnr.berkeley.edu/xylella/ (accessed 8/1/2006).
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Email Article
Citation Tools
Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Landscape Trees: What We Know and What We Do Not Know
James L. Sherald
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Nov 2007, 33 (6) 376-385; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2007.043
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo
Bookmark this article

Jump to section

Keywords