A Summary of North American Hardwood Tree Diseases with Bleeding Canker Symptoms

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Anderson, R.L., and
   2. W.H. Hoffard

   . 1978. Fusarium cankerambrosia beetle complex on tulip poplar in Ohio. Plant Disease Report 62: 751.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Barnard, E.L., and
   2. D.J. Mitchell

   . 1993. Phytophthora Basal Canker of Red Maple. Plant Pathology Circular No.361, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
3. ↵
   1. Bostock, R.M., and
   2. M.A. Doster

   . 1984. Association of Phytophthora syringae with pruning wound cankers in almond. Phytopathology 74: 840.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Brasier, C.M.,
   2. P.A. Beales,
   3. S.A. Kirk,
   4. S. Denman, and
   5. J. Rose

   . 2005. Phytophthora kernoviae spp. nov. an invasive pathogen causing bleeding stem lesions on fests trees and foliar necrosis of ornamentals in Britain. Mycological Research 109: 853–859.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Brasier, C.M.,
   2. S. Denman,
   3. A. Brown, and
   4. J. Webber

   . 2004. Sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum) discovered on trees in Europe. Mycological Research 108: 1108–1110.

   OpenUrlCrossRef
6. ↵
   1. Brasier, C.M.,
   2. J. Rose, and
   3. J.N. Gibbs

   . 1995. An unusual Phytophthora associated with widespread alder mortality in Britain. Plant Pathology 44: 999–1007.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Brasier, C.M., and
   2. R.G. Strouts

   . 1976. New Records of Phytophthora on trees in Britain I. Phytophthora root rot and Bleeding canker of Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). European Journal of Forest Pathology 6: 129–136.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Brown, E.A., and
   2. K.O. Britton

   . 1986. Botryosphaeria diseases of apple and peach in the Southeastern United States. Plant Disease 70: 480–484.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Cameron, H.R.

   1970. Pseudomonas content of cherry trees. Phytopathology 60: 1343–1346.

   OpenUrl
10. ↵
    1. Campbell, W.A., and
    2. M.E. Gallegly

    . 1965. Phytophthora heveae from Eastern Tennessee and western North Carolina. Plant Disease Report 49: 233–234.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Caroselli, N.E.

    1953. Bleeding canker disease of hardwoods. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Scientific Tree Topics 2: 1–6.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Caroselli, N.E., and
    2. F.L. Howard

    . 1940. Bleeding canker of maples. Review of Applied Mycology 19: 570–571.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Carter, J.C.

    1953. Phytophthora canker of Russian olive. Phytopathology 43: 468.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Crandall, B.S.,
    2. G.F. Gravatt, and
    3. M.M. Ryan

    . 1945. Root disease of Castanea species and some coniferous and broadleaf nursery stocks, caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. Phytopathology 35: 162–180.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
15. ↵
    1. Creager, D.B.

    1937. Phytophthora crown rot of Dogwood. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 18: 344–348.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Day, W.R.

    1932. The Ink disease in England. Forestry 6: 182.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Day, W.R.

    1938. Root-rot of sweet chestnut and beech caused by species of Phytophthora I. Cause and symptoms of disease: Its relation to soil conditions. Forestry 12: 101–116.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Day, W.R.

    1939. Root-rot of sweet chestnut and beech caused by species of Phytophthora II. Inoculation experiments and methods of control. Forestry 13: 46–58.

    OpenUrl
19. ↵
    1. Denman, S.,
    2. S.A. Kirk,
    3. C.M. Brasier,
    4. K.J.D. Hughes,
    5. R. Griffin,
    6. E. Hobdon, and
    7. J.F. Webber

    . 2005. Foliar infection of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) by Phytophthora ramorum in the UK. Plant Pathology 54: 581.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Dochinger, L.S., and
    2. C.E. Seliskar

    . 1962. Fusarium canker found on yellow-poplar. Journal of Forestry 60: 331–333.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Drillias, M.J.,
    2. J.E. Kuntz, and
    3. G.L. Worf

    . 1982. Collar rot and basal canker of sugar maple. Journal of Arboriculture 8: 29–33.

    OpenUrl
22. ↵
    1. Erwin, D.C., and
    2. O.K. Ribeiro

    . 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul, MN. 562 pp.
23. ↵
    1. Fawcett, H.S.

    1923. Gummosis of citrus. Journal of Agricultural Research 24: 191–235.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Gonzalez, R.,
    2. M.J. Lopez-Lopez, and
    3. E.G. Biosca

    . 2002. First report of bacterial deep bark canker of walnut caused by Brenneria (Erwinia) rubrifaciens in Europe. Plant Disease 86: 696.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Hansen, E.M.,
    2. P.W. Reeser,
    3. J.M. Davidson,
    4. M. Garbelotto,
    5. K. Ivors,
    6. L. Douhan, and
    7. D.M. Rizzo

    . 2003. Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species causing cankers and leaf blight of forest trees in California and Oregon, U.S.A. Mycotaxon 89: 129–138.

    OpenUrl
26. ↵
    1. Henricot, B., and
    2. C. Prior

    . 2004. Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death or ramorum leaf blight and dieback. The Mycologist 18: 151–156.

    OpenUrl
27. ↵
    1. Hepting, G.H.

    1971. Diseases of Forest and Shade Trees of the United States. USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook No. 386.
28. ↵
    1. Hildebrand, D.C., and
    2. M.N. Schroth

    . 1967. A new species of Erwinia causing drippy nut disease of live oaks. Phytopathology 57: 250–253.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
29. ↵
    1. Hinds, T.E.

    1972a. Ceratocystis canker of Aspen. Phytopathology 62: 213–220.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Hinds, T.E.

    1972b. Insect transmission of Ceratocystis species associated with Aspen cankers. Phytopathology 62: 221–225.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    1. Hinds, T.E.

    1981. Cryptosphaeria canker and Libertella decay of Aspen. Phytopathology 71: 1137–1145.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
32. ↵
    1. Holdeman, Q.L.

    1970. Varietal and geographic distribution of walnut phloem canker and bark canker in California. Plant Disease Report 54: 373–376.

    OpenUrl
33. ↵
    1. Horst, R.K.

    2001. Westcott’s Plant Disease Handbook. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA. 1008 pp.
34. ↵
    1. Howard, F.L.

    1942. The bleeding canker disease of hardwoods and possibilities of control. Review of Applied Mycology 21: 394.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Jung, T.,
    2. G.W. Hudler,
    3. H.M. Griffiths,
    4. F. Fleischmann, and
    5. W. Oswald

    . 2005. Involvement of Phytophthora spp. in the decline of European beech in Europe and the USA. The Mycologist 19: 159–166.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Juzwik, J.,
    2. W.T. Nishijama, and
    3. T.E. Hinds

    . 1978. Survey of Aspen canker in Colorado. Plant Disease Report 62: 906–910.

    OpenUrl
37. ↵
    1. Klement, Z.,
    2. D.S. Rozsnyay,
    3. E. Balo,
    4. M. Panczel, and
    5. Gy. Prileszky

    . 1984. The effect of cold on development of bacteria canker in apricot trees infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 24: 237–246.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Klotz, L.J.

    1973. Color Handbook of Citrus Diseases. University of California, Riverside. 121 pp.
39. ↵
    1. Knorr, L.C.

    1973. Citrus Diseases and Disorders. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville. 163 pp.
40. ↵
    1. Lacasse, N.L., and
    2. A.E. Rich

    . 1963. Some factors associated with maple decline in New Hampshire. Phytopathology 53: 349.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. Manion, P.D., and
    2. D.W. French

    . 1967. Nectria galligena and Ceratocystis fimbriata cankers of Aspen in Minnesota. Forest Science 13: 23–28.

    OpenUrl
42. ↵
    1. Miller, P.A.

    1941. Phytophthora bleeding canker of Quercus agrifolia. Phytopathology 31: 863.

    OpenUrl
43. ↵
    1. Mircetich, S.M.,
    2. R.N. Campbell, and
    3. M.E. Matheron

    . 1977. Phytophthora trunk canker of coast live oak and cork oak trees in California. Plant Disease Report 61: 66–70.

    OpenUrl
44. ↵
    1. Morone, C.,
    2. J.D. Janse, and
    3. M. Scortichini

    . 1998. Bark canker of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) trees incited by Erwinia nigrifluens in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology 146: 637–639.

    OpenUrl
45. ↵
    1. Motta, W., and
    2. T. Annesi

    . 2003. A new Phytophthora spp. causing a basal canker on beech in Italy. Plant Disease 87: 1005.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Neely, D.

    1968. Bleeding necrosis of sweetgum in Illinois and Indiana. Plant Disease Report 52: 223–225.

    OpenUrl
47. ↵
    1. Nelson, A.H.,
    2. G.E. Weiland, and
    3. G.W. Hudler

    . 2006. New Insights into the population diversity of Phytophthora citricola pathogenic on European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Phytopathology 96: S83.

    OpenUrl
48. ↵
    1. Ogawa, J.M., and
    2. H. English

    . 1991. Diseases of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit and Nut Crops. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 461 pp.
49. ↵
    1. Pirone, P.P.

    1942. A new disease of sweet gum. American Forests 48: 130–131.

    OpenUrl
50. ↵
    1. Riffle, J.W., and
    2. G.W. Peterson

    . 1986. Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 149 pp.
51. ↵
    1. Rizzo, D.M.,
    2. M. Garbelotto,
    3. J.M. Davidson,
    4. G.W. Slaughter, and
    5. S.T. Koike

    . 2002. Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Disease 86: 205–214.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. Rizzo, D.M.,
    2. M. Garbelotto, and
    3. E.M. Hansen

    . 2005. Phytophthora ramorum: Integrative research and management of an emerging pathogen in California and Oregon forests. Annual Review of Phytopathology 43: 309–335.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
53. ↵
    1. Saccardi, A.,
    2. V. Bonetti,
    3. A. Melegatti, and
    4. M. Cristanini

    . 1998. Occurrence of Erwinia nigrifluens on English Walnut (Juglans regia) in the Veneto region (Northern Italy). Journal of Plant Pathology 80: 63–65.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Sinclair, W.A., and
    2. H.H. Lyon

    . 2005. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 660 pages.
55. ↵
    1. Skelly, J.M., and
    2. F.A. Wood

    . 1966. The occurrence and etiology of an annual canker of sugar maple in Pennsylvania. Canadian Journal of Botany 44: 1401–1411.

    OpenUrl
56. ↵
    1. Stuntz, D.E., and
    2. C.E. Seliskar

    . 1943. A stem canker of Dogwood and Madrona. Mycologia 35: 207–221.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Surico, G.,
    2. L. Mugnai,
    3. R. Pastorelli,
    4. L. Giovannetti, and
    5. D.E. Stead

    . 1996. Erwinia alni, a new species causing bark cankers of Alder (Alnus Miller) species. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 46: 720–726.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
58. ↵
    1. Taylor, G.S.

    1983. Cryptosporiopsis Canker of Acer rubrum: Some relationships among host, pathogen and vector. Plant Disease 67: 984–986.

    OpenUrl
59. ↵
    1. Taylor, G.S., and
    2. R.E.B. Moore

    . 1979. A canker of red maples associated with oviposition by the narrow-winged tree cricket. Phytopathology 69: 236–239.

    OpenUrl
60. ↵
    1. Teviotdale, B.L.,
    2. T.J. Michailides, and
    3. J.W. Pscheidt

    . 2002. Compendium of Nut Crop Diseases in Temperate Zones. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 89 pp.
61. ↵
    1. Toole, E.R.

    1963. Sweetgum lesion caused by Botryosphaeria ribis. Plant Disease Report 47: 229–231.

    OpenUrl
62. ↵
    1. Toole, E.R., and
    2. R.C. Morris

    . 1959. Trunk lesion of sweetgum. Plant Disease Report 43: 942–945.

    OpenUrl
63. ↵
    1. True, R.P., and
    2. E.H. Tryon

    . 1956. Oak stem cankers initiated in the drought year 1953. Phytopathology 46: 617–622.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
64. ↵
    1. UK PRA

    2003. Pest Risk Analysis, Phytophthora ramorum. Revision number 4. 15 Oct 2003. http://www.defra.gov.uk/planth/pra/sudd.pdf (accessed 8/15/06).
65. ↵
    1. Vettraino, A.M.,
    2. G. Natili,
    3. N. Anselmi, and
    4. A. Vannini

    . 2001. Recovery and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with a resurgence of ink disease in Castanea sativa in Italy. Plant Pathology 50: 90–96.

    OpenUrl
66. ↵
    1. Wagener, W.W., and
    2. M.S. Cave

    . 1944. Phytophthora canker of Madrone in California. Plant Disease Report 28: 328.

    OpenUrl
67. ↵
    1. Weaver, D.J.

    1978. Interaction of Psuedomonas syringae and freezing in bacterial canker on excised peach twigs. Phytopathology 68: 1460–1463.

    OpenUrl
68. ↵
    1. Webber, J.

    2005. Phytophthora Bleeding Canker of Horse Chestnut. The Research Agency of the Forestry Commission. http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/pdf/bleedingcanker.pdf (accessed 7/15/06).
69. ↵
    1. Weidensaul, T.C.

    1968. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Fusarium isolates obtained from forest soils and bark of sugar maples. Phytopathology 58: 403–404.

    OpenUrl
70. ↵
    1. Wilson, E.E.,
    2. M.P. Starr, and
    3. J.A. Berger

    . 1957. Bark canker, a bacterial disease of the Persian walnut tree. Phytopathology 47: 669–673.

    OpenUrl
71. ↵
    1. Wilson, E.E.,
    2. F.M. Zeitoun, and
    3. D.L. Fredrickson

    . 1967. Bacterial phloem canker, a new disease of Persian walnut trees. Phytopathology 57: 618–621.

    OpenUrl
72. ↵
    1. Wood, F.A., and
    2. D.W. French

    . 1963. Ceratocystis fimbriata, the cause of a stem canker of Quaking Aspen. Forest Science 9: 232–235.

    OpenUrl
73. ↵
    1. Wood, F.A., and
    2. J.M. Skelly

    . 1964. The etiology of an annual canker on maple. Phytopathology 54: 269–272.

    OpenUrl
74. ↵
    1. Wood, F.A., and
    2. J.M. Skelly

    . 1969. Relation of the time of year to canker initiation by Fusarium solani in sugar maple. Plant Disease Report 53: 753–755.

    OpenUrl
75. ↵
    1. Zentmyer, G.A.,
    2. L.J. Klure, and
    3. E.C. Pond

    . 1978. A new canker disease of avocado caused by Phytophthora heveae. Plant Disease Report 62: 918–922.

    OpenUrl