Sucrose-Induced Tolerance to and Recovery from Deicing Salt Damage in Containerized Ilex aquifolium L. and Quercus robur L.

Sulaiman Al-Habsi; Glynn C. Percival

doi:10.48044/jauf.2006.035

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Table 1.

(experiment 1) Prevention of salt (NaCI)-induced damage by prior application of sucrose based on necrosis, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophylls, and carotenoids of containerized Quercus robur L. at day 15 under outdoor conditions.

					Carotenoids (c)				Xanthophylls (x)			Total carotenoids (x + c)
Treatment	Leaf necrosis	PI	Chlorophyll a/b	Total chlorophylls	Lutein	β-carotene	Neoxanthin	α-carotene	Zeaxanthin	Antheraxanthin	Violaxanthin	Total carotenoids (x + c)
30 g NaCl	3.5 bc	4.45 a	3.01 a	40.4 ab	59 a	11 a	27 a	2 a	24 a	4 a	12 ab	139 a
60 g NaCl	4.2 c	3.20 a	2.99 a	32.1 a	56 a	9 a	22 a	—	26 a	3 a	9 ab	129 a
Sucrose 25 g + 30 g NaCl	1.8 a	10.6 c	3.00 a	71.5 d	112 b	30 c	41 b	6 d	35 b	13 bc	29 c	265 c
Sucrose 25 g + 60 g NaCl	2.8 ab	9.01 bc	3.17 a	57.8 cd	92 b	17 b	39 b	3 ab	29 ab	14 bc	7 a	201 b
Sucrose 50 g + 30 g NaCl	2.5 ab	8.81 bc	3.21 a	64.2 cd	98 b	19 b	48 b	5 cd	21 a	16 c	15 b	222 bc
Sucrose 50 g + 60 g NaCl	2.8 ab	7.23 b	3.09 a	55.6 bc	95 b	20 b	45 b	4 bc	24 a	12 b	23 c	224 bc
LSD	1.35	1.857	1.090	15.33	28.6	3.9	11.9	1.6	8.4	3.2	6.4	52.8

PI, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and xanthophylls values mean of six trees, five leaves per tree, leaf necrosis values mean of six trees. Means followed by different letters demonstrate a significant difference at P < 0.05 according to Fisher protected LSD test. LSD = least significant difference. — = none detected. Leaf chlorophyll content μg/g fresh leaf weight). Leaf carotenoids and xanthophylls content μg/g × 10⁻² fresh leaf weight).

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Table 2.

(experiment 1) Prevention of salt (NaCI)-induced damage by prior application of sucrose based on necrosis, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophylls, and carotenoids of containerized Ilex aquifolium L. at day 15 under outdoor conditions.

					Carotenoids (c)				Xanthophylls (x)			Total carotenoids (x + c)
Treatment	Leaf necrosis	PI	Chlorophyll a/b	Total chlorophylls	Lutein	β-carotene	Neoxanthin	α-carotene	Zeaxanthin	Antheraxanthin	Violaxanthin	Total carotenoids (x + c)
30 g NaCl	3.4 cd	4.01 b	3.32 a	60.4 ab	77 a	14 a	36 a	3 b	31 ab	7 a	16 bc	184 a
60 g NaCl	4.0 d	2.17 a	3.45 a	53.8 a	74 a	12 a	30 a	2 a	35 ab	6 a	12 ab	171 a
Sucrose 25 g + 30 g NaCl	1.3 a	5.38 bc	3.22 a	75.6 bc	152 c	41 c	53 bc	8 e	46 c	18 b	41 e	359 b
Sucrose 25 g + 60 g NaCl	2.8 bcd	6.01 cd	3.28 a	74.3 bc	120 b	22 b	51 b	5 c	39 bc	19 b	9 a	265 ab
Sucrose 50 g + 30 g NaCl	2.5 abc	6.67 cd	3.33 a	82.9 c	131 bc	25 b	64 c	6 d	27 a	20 b	20 c	293 b
Sucrose 50 g + 60 g NaCl	2.1 ab	7.02 d	3.31 a	70.1 abc	124 bc	23 b	57 bc	6 d	32 ab	16 b	32 d	290 b
LSD	1.29	1.447	1.06	18.1	30.8	4.9	11.9	0.9	10.5	4.8	6.1	94.4

PI, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and xanthophylls values mean of six trees, five leaves per tree, leaf necrosis values mean of six trees. Means followed by different letters demonstrate a significant difference at P < 0.05 according to Fisher protected LSD test. LSD = least significant difference. Leaf chlorophyll content μg/g fresh leaf weight). Leaf carotenoids and xanthophylls content μg/g × 10⁻² fresh leaf weight).

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Table 3.

(experiment 2) Sucrose-enhanced recovery of leaf PI, necrosis, and chlorophyll content of containerized English oak (Quercus robur L.) placed outdoors with time (weeks) based on quadratic regression analysis after application of salt (NaCl).

Treatment	PI		Leaf necrosis		Chlorophyll content
	Regression: y = a + bT + cT²	_r2	Regression: y = a + bT + cT²	_r2	Regression: y = a + bT + cT²	_r2
30 g NaCl	y = −3.98 + 3.29T − 0.28T²	0.93	y = 4.98 to 0.15T − 0.02T²	0.99	y = 8.01 + 0.35T − 0.08T²	0.98
60 g NaCl	y = −4.75 + 2.82T − 0.23T²	0.94	y = 5.36 to 0.11T − 0.03T²	0.94	y = 7.27 + 0.60T + 0.05T²	0.86
Sucrose 25 g + 30 g NaCl	y = −10.94 + 6.23T − 0.48T²	0.90	y = 5.71 to 0.31T − 0.02T²	0.97	y = 11.11 to 2.57T + 0.62T²	0.90
Sucrose 25 g + 60 g NaCl	y = −6.58 + 3.95T − 0.31T²	0.97	y = 5.18 to 0.29T − 0.03T²	0.91	y = 8.86 to 1.19T + 0.41T²	0.98
Sucrose 50 g + 30 g NaCl	y = −6.41 + 3.45T − 0.28T²	0.95	y = 4.43 + 0.26T − 0.67T²	0.99	y = 13.42 to 4.01T + 0.71T²	0.93
Sucrose 50 g + 60 g NaCl	y = −5.90 + 3.03T − 0.24T²	0.94	y = 5.59 to 0.23T − 0.02T²	0.98	y = 9.33 to 1.68T + 0.50T²	0.97

y, leaf PI, necrosis, and chlorophyll content value; a, leaf PI, necrosis and chlorophyll content of control value (calculated intercept); b, rate of PI, necrosis, and chlorophyll content with time (T), c, = rate of change. PI and chlorophyll values mean of six trees, five leaves per tree, leaf necrosis values mean of six trees.

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Table 4.

(experiment 2) Sucrose-enhanced recovery of leaf PI, necrosis, and chlorophyll content of containerized holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) placed outdoors with time (weeks) based on quadratic regression analysis after application of salt (NaCl).

Treatment	PI		Leaf necrosis		Chlorophyll Content
	Regression: y = a + bT + cT²	_r2	Regression: y = a + bT + cT²	_r2	Regression: y = a + bT + cT²	_r2
30 g NaCl	y = 1.98 + 1.30T − 0.18T²	0.42	y = 4.50 to 0.11T − 0.01T²	0.95	y = −2.51 + 8.82T − 0.53T²	0.93
60 g NaCl	y = 2.39 + 0.96T − 0.10T²	0.84	y = 4.56 to 0.12T − 0.02T²	0.98	y = −4.10 + 8.60T − 0.40T²	0.88
Sucrose 25 g + 30 g NaCl	y = −2.36 + 3.73T − 0.32T²	0.91	y = 4.36 to 0.16T − 0.01T²	0.94	y = −15.15 + 16.75T − 1.08T²	0.94
Sucrose 25 g + 60 g NaCl	y = 0.315 + 2.05T − 0.19T²	0.90	y = 4.20 to 0.03T − 0.02T²	0.95	y = 4.70 to 3.91T + 0.15T²	0.96
Sucrose 50 g + 30 g NaCl	y = 1.45 + 1.41T − 0.12T²	0.88	y = 3.37 + 0.09T − 0.03T²	0.96	y = −9.96 + 13.49T − 0.81T²	0.90
Sucrose 50 g + 60 g NaCl	y = 0.89 + 1.90T − 0.17T²	0.96	y = 4.24 to 0.10T − 0.02T²	0.98	y = −7.40 + 11.67T − 0.66T²	0.88

y, leaf PI, necrosis, and chlorophyll content value; a, leaf PI, necrosis and chlorophyll content of control value (calculated intercept); b, rate of PI, necrosis, and chlorophyll content with time (T), c, = rate of change. PI and chlorophyll values mean of six trees, five leaves per tree, leaf necrosis values mean of six trees.

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Table 5.

(experiment 2) The influence of sucrose on growth of containerized English oak (Quercus robur L.) placed outdoors at week 8 after application of salt (NaCl).

Treatment	Leaf area (cm²)	Root DW (g)	Shoot DW (g)	Leaf DW (g)	Total DW (g)
30 g NaCl	516 ab	8.97 ab	7.91 ab	3.56 b	20.44 ab
60 g NaCl	401 a	7.37 a	9.61 ab	1.97 a	18.95 a
Sucrose 25 g + 30 g NaCl	604 bc	11.33 cd	12.69 c	4.31 bc	28.33 c
Sucrose 25 g + 60 g NaCl	701 c	12.46 d	12.86 c	4.82 c	30.14 c
Sucrose 50 g + 30 g NaCl	703 c	10.07 bc	10.38 bc	4.46 bc	24.91 bc
Sucrose 50 g + 60 g NaCl	555 abc	8.71 ab	7.72 a	3.88 bc	20.31 c
LSD	159.9	2.005	2.650	1.005	5.265

All values mean of six trees. Means followed by different letters demonstrate a significant difference at P < 0.05 according to Fisher protected LSD test. LSD = least significant difference.

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Table 6.

(experiment 2) The influence of sucrose on growth of containerized holly (Ilex aquifolium L.) placed outdoors at week 8 after application of salt (NaCl).

Treatment	Leaf area (cm²)	Root DW (g)	Shoot DW (g)	Leaf DW (g)	Total DW (g)
30 g NaCl	104 ab	1.51 a	2.66 ab	2.21 b	6.38 ab
60 g NaCl	87 a	1.62 ab	2.55 a	1.54 a	5.71 a
Sucrose 25 g + 30 g NaCl	150 c	3.08 c	2.58 a	2.84 c	8.50 c
Sucrose 25 g + 60 g NaCl	153 d	2.64 c	3.00 b	3.32 c	8.96 c
Sucrose 50 g + 30 g NaCl	125 bc	2.70 c	2.79 ab	3.20 c	8.69 c
Sucrose 50 g + 60 g NaCl	119 abc	2.38 bc	2.67 ab	2.15 ab	7.20 b
LSD	33.7	0.781	0.365	0.625	1.165

All values mean of six trees. Means followed by different letters demonstrate a significant difference at P < 0.05 according to Fisher protected LSD test. LSD = least significant difference.