Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
One tree was planted between sidewalk sections with various vertical root barriers on the tree side of the walk, or gravel under the walk, or a control without a barrier.
Tables
- Table 1.
Average depth (mm) and range in depth (in parentheses) of sycamore roots (roots > 5 mm [0.3 in] diameter) in the top 30 cm (12 in) of soil adjacent to sidewalks with various root barriers in two soil types.
Treatment Well-drained soil Poorly drained soil No sidewalk/no barrier 76 c* (25–170) 72 d (13–195) Sidewalk/no barrier 101 b (33–180) 122 b (55–248) Sidewalk/Biobarrier® 107 b (20–245) 138 a (65–275) Sidewalk/Deep Root 117 b (35–235) 105 c (50–223) Sidewalk/gravel sub-base 194 a (109–306) 131 ab (0–230) Sidewalk/polyethylene 108 b (37–223) 131 ab (65–235) Statistical significance Treatments P < 0.0001 Soil type ns Treatments × soil type P < 0.0001 ↵* Means in a column with a different letter indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05 with Duncan’s MRT. Means were calculated by averaging the distance between the root and soil surface of all roots encountered at the edge of the walk. Note: All treatments had a 1.2 m (4 ft) wide sidewalk installed 0.6 m (2 ft) away except where indicated. Barriers were on same side of the sidewalk as the tree; root excavations were done at the edge of the other side of the walk.
- Table 2.
Average diameter (mm) and range in diameter (in parentheses) of sycamore roots (> 3 mm [0.1 in] diameter) in the top 30 cm (12 in) of soil adjacent to sidewalks with various root barriers in two soil types.
Treatment Well-drained soil Poorly drained soil No sidewalk/no barrier 7.2 a* (3–31) 6.8 a (3–43.5) Sidewalk/no barrier 7.2 a (3–32) 6.4 a (3–35.6) Sidewalk/Biobarrier® 5.0 ab (3–18.1) 6.2 a (3–17.4) Sidewalk/Deep Root 6.5 ab (3–39.8) 6.9 a (3–80) Sidewalk/gravel sub-base 4.7 b (3–7.9) 7.0 a (3–47.4) Sidewalk/polyethylene 5.4 ab (3–13.3) 6.4 a (3–39.4) Statistical significance Treatments ns Soil type ns Treatments × soil type P < 0.04 ↵* Means in a column with a different letter indicate a significant difference at P < 0.05 with Duncan’s MRT. Note: All treatments had a 1.2 m (4 ft) wide sidewalk installed 0.6 m (2 ft) away except where indicated. Barriers were on same side of the sidewalk as the tree; root excavations were done at the edge of the other side of the walk.
- Table 3.
Numberz of sycamore roots (> 5 mm [0.3 in] diameter) occurring at different depths adjacent to sidewalks with various root barriers in two soil types. Percentage of sycamore roots (> 5 mm [0.3 in] diameter) occurring at different depths is indicated in parentheses.
Depth from soil surface No barrier Biobarrier™ Deep Root™ Gravel Polyethylene Well-drained soil ≤10 cm 34 by (50) 34 b (48.6) 17 b (35.4) 0 a (0) 22 b (39.3) ≥ 10–30 cm 34 a (50) 36 a (51.4) 31 a (64.6) 23 a (100) 34 a (60.7) Total number 68 b 70 b 48 b 23 a 56 b Poorly drained soil ≤10 cm 42 b (29) 11 a (15.3) 38 b (45.8) 15 a (16.8) 20 ab (20.8) ≥ 10–30 cm 103 a (71) 61 a (84.7) 45 a (54.2) 74 a (83.2) 76 a (79.2) Total number 145 b 72 a 83 a 89 a 96 a Statistical significance Treatments P < 0.05 Soil type P < 0.05 Treatments × soil type P < 0.04
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