Biology and Management of Allokermes kingii (Hemiptera: Kermesidae) on Oak Trees (Quercus SPP.)

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Figure 1.
Seasonal life history of Allokermes kingii in Clearwater, Florida.

Table 1.

Mean (±SEM) percentage of dead first and second instar Allokermes kingii per four-branch sample.

Treatment	Rate	9 May (1 WAT)	22 May (3 WAT)	5 June (5 WAT)	19 June (7 WAT)
Control	—	5.7 ± 3.8	0	0	12.3 ± 5.7
Acephate	226.8 g/378 L (8 oz/100 gal)	31.7 ± 4.1	32.7 ± 5.2^*	11.0 ± 3.2	18.3 ± 6.6
Bifenthrin	2.3 L/378 L (0.63 gal/100 gal)	24.7 ± 2.6	16.0 ± 6.7	12.0 ± 5.1	9.7 ± 2.7
Horticultural oil	7.6 L/378 L (2.0 gal/100 gal)	37.7 ± 11.1	26.7 ± 9.0^*	15.8 ± 3.0	21.7 ± 9.2
Imidacloprid	5.7 g/7.56 L (0.2 oz/2.0 gal)	17.3 ± 5.8	11.3 ± 5.7	20.1 ± 6.5	24.2 ± 3.6
Oil + acephate	7.6 L oil + 226.8 g acephate/378 L (2.0 gal + 8 oz/100gal)	23.6 ± 10.7 1	13.2 ± 8.9	41.7 ± 19.3^*	15.5 ± 12.5
		F = 2.33	F = 3.89	F = 2.62	F = 0.70
		df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24
		P = 0.07	P = 0.01	P = 0.05	P = 0.63

↵* Means within a column followed by an asterisk are significantly different from the control (Dunnett’s test) at P < 0.05.

Table 2.

Mean (± SEM) number of healthy first and second instar Allokermes kingii per four-branch sample.

Treatment	Rate (product/water)	24 April (pretreatment)	9 May (1 WAT)	22 May (3 WAT)	5 June (5 WAT)	19 June (7 WAT)
Control	—	69.0 ± 32.1	66.6 ± 24.0	41.2 ± 8.4	43.2 ± 13.3	33.2 ± 10.9
Acephate	226.8 g/378 L (8 oz/100 gal)	100.0 ± 54.8	26.2 ± 8.3	13.4 ± 2.4	40.6 ± 17.3	41.2 ± 21.4
Bifenthrin	2.3 L/378 L (0.63 gal/100 gal)	85.0 ± 24.0	44.4 ± 22.2	16.8 ± 7.7	70.8 ± 40.9	308.2 ± 118.7^*
Horticultural oil	7.6 L/378 L (2.0 gal/100 gal)	94.0 ± 25.9	12.6 ± 4.3	13.0 ± 4.9	25.6 ± 8.5	23.6 ± 6.1
Imidacloprid	5.7 g/7.56 L (0.2 oz/2.0 gal)	117.8 ± 49.6	71.6 ± 22.5	56.0 ± 14.2	52.4 ± 37.1	57.6 ± 27.3
Oil + acephate	7.6 L oil + 226.8 g acephate/378 L (2.0 gal + 8 oz/100gal)	49.0 ± 27.5	5.2 ± 2.8	7.8 ± 3.0*	2.6 ± 1.5	14.2 ± 12.7
		F = 0.41	F = 2.77	F = 6.03	F = 0.91	F = 4.90
		df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24	df = 5, 24
		P = 0.83	P = 0.04	P = 0.001	P = 0.49	P = 0.003