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- Table 1.
Palm species used in root growth study, The Los Angeles County Arboretum & Botanic Garden, Arcadia, California, 1997–2000.
Species Common name Origin Archontophoenix cunninghamiana king palm southeastern Australia Brahea edulis Guadalupe palm Guadalupe Island, Mexico Butia capitata pindo palm, jelly palm northern Argentina, southern Brazil Caryota mitis clustered fishtail palm southeastern Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia Chamaerops humilis European fan palm southern Europe, northern Africa Livistona chinensis Chinese fan palm southern Japan, southern China Livistona decipiens ribbon fan palm eastern Australia Phoenix canariensis Canary Island date palm Canary Islands Phoenix reclinata Senegal date palm tropical Africa Rhapidophyllum hystrix needle palm southeastern United States Sabal etonia palmetto, cabbage palm southeastern United States Serenoa repens saw palmetto southeastern United States Syagrus romanzoffiana queen palm northern Argentina, southern Brazil Trachycarpus fortunei Chinese windmill palm southern China - Table 2.
Mean total root numbers (n), mean total root dry weights (g), and mean individual root size (g/n) of 16 species in all trench zones by year, The Los Angeles County Arboretum & Botanic Garden, Arcadia, California, 1997-2000.
Species Number (n) Weight (g) Size (g/n) Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 1997–1998 17.4 9.5 0.516 1998–1999 19.4 18.8 0.787 1999–2000 21.9 15.1 0.712 Brahea edulis 1997–1998 15.6 a 2.7 a 0.244 1998–1999 1.3 b 0.5 b 0.109 1999–2000 1.8 b 1.0 b 0.234 Butia capitata 1997–1998 11.2 6.4 0.548 a 1998–1999 12.0 4.0 0.191 ab 1999–2000 25.2 9.4 0.343 b Caryota mitis 1997–1998 34.3 7.9 0.384 1998–1999 31.1 4.5 0.112 1999–2000 18.5 2.5 0.129 Chamaerops humilis 1997–1998 13.8 b 2.5 0.121 1998–1999 28.0 a 6.4 0.176 1999–2000 15.0 b 2.3 0.150 Livistona chinensis 1997–1998 46.8 a 42.4 a 0.798 1998–1999 16.0 b 8.4 b 0.518 1999–2000 22.6 b 17.7 b 0.635 Livistona decipiens 1997–1998 63.3 30.4 0.413 1998–1999 65.5 28.7 0.292 1999–2000 109.8 47.4 0.255 Phoenix canariensis 1997–1998 49.9 b 20.2 b 0.356 1998–1999 56.7 b 35.9 ab 0.562 1999–2000 185.7 a 104.4 a 0.453 Phoenix reclinata 1997–1998 86.6 37.5 0.425 1998–1999 122.0 67.4 0.379 1999–2000 151.6 116.1 0.573 Rhapidophyllum hystrix 1997–1998 32.3 3.7 0.096 1998–1999 30.7 4.7 0.156 1999–2000 18.0 3.8 0.141 Sabal etonia 1997–1998 20.4 4.3 0.218 1998–1999 19.3 4.8 0.248 1999–2000 30.5 6.2 0.239 Serenoa repens 1997–1998 18.0 5.3 0.423 1998–1999 19.3 6.6 0.217 1999–2000 30.5 4.3 0.181 Syagrus romanzoffiana 1997–1998 136.4 36.5 0.243 1998–1999 96.8 44.2 0.267 1999–2000 67.5 21.3 0.229 Trachycarpus fortunei 1997–1998 76.8 5.9 0.090 1998–1999 31.8 2.9 0.043 1999–2000 69.3 8.7 0.076 Trachycarpus wagnerianus 1997–1998 78.8 16.9 0.189 a 1998–1999 111.2 15.0 0.116 b 1999–2000 124.6 24.4 0.113 b Washingtonia robusta 1997–1998 154.0 22.2 0.144 1998–1999 174.1 21.5 0.083 1999–2000 161.4 17.3 0.077 Means in the same column within a species followed by a different letter are significantly different according to LSD, P < 0.05.
- Table 3.
Mean total root numbers (n), mean total root dry weights (g), and mean individual root size (g/n) of 16 species of palms in all trench zones by season, The Los Angeles County Arboretum & Botanic Garden, Arcadia, California, 1997–2000.
Species and season Number (n) Weight (g) Size (g/n) Archontophoenix cunninghamiana Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 3.0 b 1.0 b 0.285 b Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 21.3 b 10.0 b 0.528 ab Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 39.8 a 36.0 a 0.807 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 14.2 b 10.9 ab 0.892 a Brahea edulis Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 2.0 0.6 0.302 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 4.9 1.1 0.200 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 7.2 2.1 0.499 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 10.8 1.8 0.214 Butia capitata Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 2.4 b 2.0 b 0.315 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 10.4 b 4.3 b 0.503 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 39.4 a 14.2 a 0.298 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 12.1 ab 5.7 ab 0.327 Caryota mitis Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 0.4 b 0.0 b 0.067 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 4.3 b 0.3 b 0.089 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 70.3 a 9.8 a 0.127 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 36.8 ab 9.6 a 0.439 Chamaerops humilis Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 13.0 1.6 b 0.116 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 11.6 1.4 b 0.116 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 28.7 7.8 a 0.189 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 22.4 4.1a b 0.175 Livistona chinensis Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 9.1 4.2 0.434 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 29.7 19.5 0.622 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 42.9 28.6 0.724 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 32.1 39.0 0.822 Livistona decipiens Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 4.4 b 1.1 b 0.217 b Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 23.5 b 3.7 b 0.222 b Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 214.4 a 101.1 a 0.445 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 75.8 b 36.1 b 0.364 ab Phoenix canariensis Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 7.0 b 2.2 b 0.344 bc Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 78.4 b 29.2 b 0.319 c Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 241.6 a 150.9 a 0.620 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 62.6 b 31.8 b 0.544 ab Phoenix reclinata Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 13.1 c 2.8 b 0.269 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 151.5 ab 55.3 b 0.360 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 229.9 a 170.4 a 0.601 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 76.0b c 48.1 b 0.578 Rhapidophyllum hystrix Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 3.7 b 0.1 c 0.057 b Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 12.1 b 1.6 c 0.132 ab Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 50.8 a 9.2 a 0.168 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 41.4 a 5.3 b 0.141 a Sabal etonia Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 2.2 b 0.5 b 0.303 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 9.1 b 1.6 b 0.516 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 67.0 a 14.9 a 0.218 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 15.3 b 3.5 b 0.286 Serenoa repens Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 0.2 b 0.0 b 0.000 b Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 5.3 b 0.8 b 0.135 b Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 58.0 a 18.7 a 0.395 ab Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 3.8 b 2.1 b 0.565 a Syagrus romanzoffiana Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 10.2 b 0.9 b 0.083 c Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 33.8 b 7.0 b 0.200 bc Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 295.2 a 107.9 a 0.374 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 61.8 b 20.8 b 0.313 ab Trachycarpus fortunei Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 5.5 b 0.5 b 0.051 Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 77.0 ab 5.1 ab 0.053 Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 110.6 a 12.5 a 0.096 Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 44.2a b 5.2 ab 0.080 Trachycarpus wagnerianus Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 11.7 b 1.1 b 0.092 b Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 102.9 b 11.1 b 0.128 ab Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 241.9 a 49.6 a 0.208 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 62.9 b 13.2 b 0.155 ab Washingtonia robusta Winter (Jan.–Mar.) 27.9 b 0.3 c 0.019 b Spring (Apr.–Jun.) 265.2 a 23.8 b 0.095 ab Summer (Jul.–Sep.) 328.7 a 53.4 a 0.173 a Fall (Oct.–Dec.) 30.9 b 3.7 c 0.129 a Means in the same column within a species followed by a different letter are significantly different according to LSD, P < 0.05.
- Table 4.
Mean new root numbers and percentage (in parentheses, rounded to a whole number) of 16 palm species by lateral distance from the trunk and to 60 cm deep, The Los Angeles County Arboretum & Botanic Garden, Arcadia, California, 1997-2000.
Species Lateral distance from trunk 60–90 cm 0–15 cm 15–30 cm 30–60 cm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 6.6 a (34) 6.3 a (32) 4.8 a (25) 1.9 b (10) Brahea edulis 3.0 a (48) 2.2 a (35) 0.8 b (13) 0.3 b (4) Butia capitata 6.7 a (42) 5.3 b (33) 3.1 c (19) 1.1 d (7) Caryota mitis 7.2 a (26) 7.4 a (26) 8.6 a (31) 4.7 b (17) Chamaerops humilis 6.2 a (37) 4.0 b (24) 3.9 b (24) 2.6 b (16) Livistona chinensis 12.9 a (46) 7.2 b (25) 5.5 b (19) 2.8 c (10) Livistona decipiens 41.7 a (52) 20.9 b (26) 14.4 c (18) 2.5 d (3) Phoenix canariensis 32.7 a (34) 22.5 b (23) 27.1 ab (28) 15.2 c (16) Phoenix reclinata 49.8 a (40) 32.4 b (26) 24.2 b (19) 19.2 c (15) Rhapidophyllum hystrix 7.2 b (27) 5.9 b (22) 10.8 a (40) 3.1 c (11) Sabal etonia 9.4 a (40) 6.4 b (27) 5.4 b (23) 2.2 c (9) Serenoa repens 7.4 a (43) 4.2 b (24) 3.4 b (20) 2.3 b (13) Syagrus romanzoffiana 36.9 a (37) 24.1 b (24) 25.0 b (25) 14.8 c (14) Trachycarpus fortunei 24.8 a (41) 19.3 b (33) 13.4 b (23) 1.8 c (3) Trachycarpus wagnerianus 61.4 a (59) 31.7 b (30) 10.3 c (10) 1.5 d (1) Washingtonia robusta 84.1 a (52) 47.5 b (29) 27.4 c (17) 4.2 d (3) Means in the same row followed by a different letter are significantly different according to paired t-tests between columns, P < 0.05.
- Table 5.
Mean new root numbers and percentage (in parentheses, rounded to a whole number) of 16 palm species by two depth zones and out to 90 cm from the trunk, The Los Angeles County Arboretum & Botanic Garden, Arcadia, California, 1997–2000.
Species Depth 0–30 cm 30–60 cm Archontophoenix cunninghamiana 14.0 a (72) 5.6 b (29) Brahea edulis 5.7 a (92) 0.5 b (9) Butia capitata 8.5 (53) 7.6 (47) Caryota mitis 21.4 a (77) 6.5 b (23) Chamaerops humilis 14.4 a (76) 4.6 b (24) Livistona chinensis 15.0 (53) 13.5 (48) Livistona decipiens 66.6 a (84) 13.0 b (16) Phoenix canariensis 78.5 a (80) 18.9 b (20) Phoenix reclinata 77.7 a (67) 38.7 b (33) Rhapidophyllum hystrix 17.3 a (64) 9.7 b (36) Sabal etonia 16.4 a (70) 7.1 b (30) Serenoa repens 12.3 a (73) 4.5 b (27) Syagrus romanzoffiana 49.8 (50) 50.5 (50) Trachycarpus fortunei 45.8 a (77) 13.5 b (23) Trachycarpus wagnerianus 91.6 a (97) 2.5 b (3) Washingtonia robusta 116.5 a (71) 46.7 b (29) Means in the same row followed by a different letter are significantly different according to paired t-tests between columns, P < 0.05
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