Influence of Single and Small Clusters of Trees on the Bioclimate of A City: A Case Study

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Amt für Umweltschutz

   . 1999. Klima-Messungen im Plangebiet Stuttgart 21—Eine Analyse thermisch induzierter Ausgleichsströmungen an innerstädtischen Grünanlagen. Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Amt für Umweltschutz, Abt. Stadtklimatologie, Stadtklima Stuttgart, Chapter 1–7 (www.stadtklima.de/stuttgart/websk21/Heft12/kap1.HTM).
2. ↵
   1. Bauer, B

   . 1999. Mikrometeorologische Analyse und Bewertung kleinräumiger Stadtstrukturen. UFZ-Bericht Nr. 3.
3. ↵
   1. Baumüller, J.,
   2. M.J. Kerschgens, and
   3. A. Helbig

   . 1999.Stadtklima und Luftreinhaltung. 2. Aufl., Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.
4. ↵
   1. Benjamin, M.T., and
   2. A.M. Winer

   . 1998. Estimating the ozone-forming potential of urban trees and shrubs. Atmos. Environ. 32:53–68.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Bernatzky, A

   . 1979. Grünflächen und Klima. DBZ—Forschung und Praxis. 080 DBZ 8/79:1205–1209.

   OpenUrl
6. ↵
   1. Brahe, P

   . 1974. Klimatische Auswirkungen von Gehölzen auf umbauten Stadtplätzen. Das Gartenamt 2/74:61–70.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Cardelino, C.A., and
   2. W.L. Chameides

   1990. Natural hydrocarbons, urbanization and urban ozone. J. Geophys. Res. 95:13971–13979.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. DeSanto, R.S.,
   2. R.A. Glaser,
   3. W.P. McMillen,
   4. K.A. MacGregor, and
   5. J.A. Miller

   . 1976. Open Space as an Air Resource Management Measure, Volume II: Design Criteria. EPA 450/3-76-0286. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
9. ↵
   1. Deutscher Wetterdienst

   . 1980. Klimainformationen für den Zeitraum 1951–1980.
10. ↵
    1. Fuentes, J.D.,
    2. M. Lerdau,
    3. R. Atkinson,
    4. D. Baldocchi,
    5. J. W. Bottenheim,
    6. P. Ciccioli,
    7. B. Lamb,
    8. C. Geron,
    9. L. Gu,
    10. A. Guenther,
    11. T.D. Sharkey, and
    12. W. Stockwell

    . 2000. Biogenic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric boundary layer: a review. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 81:1537–1575.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. ↵
    1. Guderian, R

    . (Ed.). 2000. Band 1A: Atmosphäre: Anthropogene und biogene Emissionen - Photochemie der Troposphäre - Chemie der Stratosphäre und Ozonabbau. Springer Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany Heggestad, H.E. 1972. How plants fight “man made” pollution. Sci. Teacher. April:21–24.
12. ↵
    1. Heisler, G.M

    . 1977. Trees modify metropolitan climate and noise. J. Arboric. 3:201–207.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Herrington, L.P

    . 1977. The role of the urban forests in reducing urban energy consumption. Proc. Soc. Am. For., 60–66.
14. ↵
    1. Höppe, P.R

    . 1993. Heat balance modelling. Experientia 49:741–746.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
15. ↵
    1. Isidorov, V.,
    2. J. Jaroszynska,
    3. T. Sacharewicz, and
    4. E. Piroznikow

    . 1999. Natural VOC emissions from forests in Poland. Atmos. Environ. 33:4739–4744.

    OpenUrl
16. ↵
    1. Karlik, J.F., and
    2. A.M. Winer

    2001. Measured isoprene emission rates of plants in California landscapes: comparison to estimates from taxonomic relationships. Atmos. Environ. 35:1123–1131.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Kiese, O

    . 1995. Die bioklimatische Funktion innerstädtischer, insbesondere baumbestandener Grünflächen. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 24:395–401.

    OpenUrl
18. ↵
    1. Kramer, P.J., and
    2. T.T. Kozlowski

    . 1970. Physiology of Trees. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
19. ↵
    1. Kuchelmeister, G

    . 1998. Tree City—Urban Forestry in the Asia-Pacific Region: Status and Prospects. APFSOS (Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study). FAO, Forestry Policy and Planing Division, Working Paper No. 44. Rome, Italy.
20. ↵
    1. Matzarakis, A

    . 2001. Die thermische Komponente des Stadtklimas. Ber. Meteorol. Inst. Univ. Freiburg. Nr. 6.
21. ↵
    1. Matzarakis, A., and
    2. Mayer, H

    . 2000. Atmospheric conditions and human thermal comfort in urban areas. Proc. 11th Sem. Environmental Protection, “Environment and Health,” Thessaloniki, 155–165.
22. ↵
    1. de Dear, R.J.,
    2. J.D. Kalma,
    3. T.R. Oke, and
    4. A. Auliciems

    1. Matzarakis, A.,
    2. F. Rutz, and
    3. H. Mayer

    . 2000: Estimation and calculation of the mean radiant temperature within urban structures, pp 273–278. In de Dear, R.J., J.D. Kalma, T.R. Oke, and A. Auliciems (Eds.). Biometeorology and Urban Climatology at the Turn of the Millenium: Selected Papers from the Conference ICB-ICUC’99, Sydney, WCASP-50, WMO/TD No. 1026.
23. ↵
    1. Mayer H., and
    2. P. Höppe

    . 1987. Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 38:43–49.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. McPherson, E.G.,
    2. D.J. Nowak, and
    3. R.A. Rowantree

    (Eds.). 1994. Chicago’s Urban Forest Ecosystem: Results of the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-186, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Radnor, PA.
25. ↵
    1. Meyer, F.H., and
    2. G. Bauermel

    1982. Bäume in der Stadt. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.
26. ↵
    1. Nowak, D.J.,
    2. K.L. Civerolo,
    3. S.T. Rao,
    4. G. Sistla,
    5. C.J. Luley, and
    6. D.E. Crane

    2000. A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. Atmos. Environ. 34:1601–1613.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. ↵
    1. Oke, T.R

    . 1989. The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 324:335–349.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
28. ↵
    1. Rasmussen, R.A

    . 1978. Isoprene Plant Species List. Special Report of theAir Pollution Research Section, Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
29. ↵
    Stadt Freiburg. 2001: Wirtschaft und Standortdaten der Stadt Freiburg im Breisgau (www.freiburg.de/3/3/300/zahlen.php?rubrik).
30. ↵
    1. Toll, I., and
    2. J.M. Baldasano

    . 2000. Modeling of photochemical air pollution in the Barcelona area with highly disaggregated anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. Atmos. Environ. 34:3069–3084.

    OpenUrl
31. ↵
    VDI. 1998. VDI 3787, Part I: Environmental Meteorology, Methods for the Human Biometeorological Evaluation of Climate and Air Quality for the Urban And Regional Planning at Regional Level. Part I: Climate. Beuth, Berlin, Germany. 29 pp.