Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Diagram of an electric transmission right-of-way showing wire and border zones. A tree-resistant, forb–grass cover type develops in the wire zone, whereas a tall shrub cover type is common in the border zone.
- Figure 2.
A stem–foliage spray unit on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area. The border zone is on the left, and the wire zone is on the right (photo by R. Yahner, May 2002).
- Figure 3.
A common yellowthroat using a perch site on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area (photo by R. Yahner, June 2002).
Tables
- Table 1.
Number of birds per individual species/100 ha/day, number of birds of all species combined/100 ha/day, and total number of species observed on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area in spring versus summer 2001 and 2002 based on both years combined and all treatment units combined. Abundance of an individual species is underlined in a given season if exceeding 125 birds/100 ha/day.
Bird species Season Spring Summer Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) 270 204 Common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) 149 234 Indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) 182 149 Gray catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) 82 164 Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) 106 115 Eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) 82 121 American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) 88 77 Prairie warbler (Dendroica discolor) 131 0 House wren (Troglodytes aedon) 0 115 Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) 27 52 Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) 49 24 Yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens) 58 6 Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) 21 43 Eastern phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) 15 49 Blue-winged warbler (Vermivora pinus) 61 0 Black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) 15 43 Fish crow (Corvus ossifragus) 30 21 Song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) 21 30 Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) 3 36 Downy woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) 3 30 Eastern kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) 24 6 Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) 32 0 Great crested flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus) 12 15 American robin (Turdus migratorius) 3 24 Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) 6 18 Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) 0 18 Eastern bluebird (Sialia sialus) 15 0 Brewster’s warbler (Vermivora pinus × chrysoptera) 15 0 Ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus columbris) 6 6 Red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus) 0 12 American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) 12 0 Blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea) 9 3 Scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea) 12 0 Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) 3 6 Cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) 6 0 Red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus) 3 3 Black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia) 6 0 Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) 3 0 Eastern wood-pewee (Contopus virens) 0 3 Carolina chickadee (Poecile carolinensis) 3 0 White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) 0 3 Wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) 3 0 White-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus) 3 0 Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) 3 0 All species combined 1,572 1,630 Total number of species 39 30 - Table 2.
Number of family groups per individual species/100 ha/day and number of family groups of all species combined/100 ha/day observed on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area in summer 2001 and 2002 based on both years and all treatment units combined.
Bird species No. family groups Common yellowthroat 57.2 Gray catbird 36.4 Field sparrow 36.4 House wren 24.3 Indigo bunting 18.4 Eastern towhee 18.4 Northern cardinal 18.4 Blue jay 12.1 Black-capped chickadee 9.1 Tufted titmouse 6.1 Eastern phoebe 6.1 Song sparrow 6.1 Fish crow 3.0 Carolina wren 3.0 American robin 3.0 All species combined 252.0 - Table 3.
Number of birds per individual species/100 ha/day, number of bird species of all species combined/100 ha/day, and total number of species observed per treatment unit on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area in spring and summer, 2001 and 2002 combined. Treatment units: M = mowing, F = foliage spray, MH = mowing plus herbicide, SF = stem–foliage spray, and HC = handcutting. Abundance of an individual species in a given treatment unit is underlined if exceeding 125 birds/100 ha/day.
Bird species Treatment unit M F MH SF HC Field sparrow 259 274 163 276 250 Common yellowthroat 144 199 100 193 327 Indigo bunting 138 224 142 111 312 Gray catbird 230 116 68 77 156 Northern cardinal 86 75 126 50 316 Eastern towhee 101 100 79 90 172 American goldfinch 50 91 26 152 140 Prairie warbler 50 116 38 77 62 House wren 14 83 108 40 47 Blue jay 65 25 53 7 47 Tufted titmouse 43 0 26 41 78 Yellow-breasted chat 0 50 0 35 156 Carolina wren 22 8 38 35 16 Eastern phoebe 29 25 42 35 31 Blue-winged warbler 43 25 21 35 31 Black-capped chickadee 14 0 42 41 47 Fish crow 50 8 16 0 94 Song sparrow 86 42 0 0 0 Mourning dove 22 17 32 7 16 Downy woodpecker 7 17 21 14 32 Eastern kingbird 0 0 10 35 79 Brown-headed cowbird 29 0 10 0 63 Great crested flycatcher 7 33 5 21 22 American robin 7 0 5 11 79 Northern flicker 14 8 0 14 47 Baltimore oriole 7 8 10 7 16 Eastern bluebird 7 8 10 7 0 “Brewster’s” warbler 7 0 0 28 0 Ruby-throated hummingbird 7 0 0 14 16 Red-bellied woodpecker 0 0 5 7 32 American crow 22 0 5 0 0 Blue-gray gnatcatcher 7 0 0 14 16 Scarlet tanager 0 0 16 0 16 Red-tailed hawk 0 0 5 7 0 Cedar waxwing 0 0 0 14 0 Red-eyed vireo 0 8 0 0 16 Black-and-white warbler 0 0 0 14 0 Wild turkey 0 0 5 0 0 Eastern wood-pewee 0 0 5 0 0 Carolina chickadee 0 0 5 0 0 White-breasted nuthatch 0 0 5 0 0 Wood thrush 7 0 0 0 0 White-eyed vireo 0 0 5 0 0 Ovenbird 0 0 0 7 0 All species combined 1,674 1,764 1,246 1,528 2,571 Total number of species 30 23 33 32 30 - Table 4.
Number of bird observations on transmission-line towers or transmission-line wires on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area in 2001 and 2002.
Species Observations on towers Observations on wires Mourning dove 0 13 Fish crow 16 0 Brown-headed cowbird 10 0 American crow 3 0 Indigo bunting 3 0 Red-tailed hawk 2 0 Eastern kingbird 2 0 Northern flicker 1 0 Eastern phoebe 1 0 Common yellowthroat 1 0 Field sparrow 1 0 Total 40 13 - Table 5.
Use of wire zones versus border zones by all bird species combined in each of five treatment units on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Area during springs and summers of 2001 and 2002 combined. Use is based on the percentage of the total number of observations (actual number of observations in parentheses) in a given unit. Treatment units: M = mowing, F = foliage spray, MH = mowing plus herbicide, SF = stem–foliage spray, and HC = handcutting. The amount of area in the border zone of each treatment unit is approximately equal to that of the wire zone.
Treatment unit Zone M F MH SF HC Total Wire 12% (28) 34% (67) 12% (27) 25% (57) 27% (47) 21% (226) Border 88% (202) 66% (130) 88% (200) 75% (173) 73% (57) 79% (833)
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