Technical Note: Trees and Wind: Wind Scales and Speeds

LITERATURE CITED

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   1. Barsch, Dietrich

   . 1963. Wind, baumform und landschaft / Dietrich Barsch, in Studien zum problem der deformation von baumkronen durch wind. Freiburger Geographische Hefte H1 (Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet, Geograph. Institut 1, Freiburg).
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   1. Brudi, Erk

   . 2002. Trees and statics: An introduction. In Smiley, E. Thomas, and Kim D. Coder (Eds.). Proceedings of the Tree Biomechanics Conference, Savannah, GA. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, IL (in press).
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   1999. Ecophysiology of Cecropia schreberiana saplings in two wind regimes in an elfin cloud forest: growth, gas exchange, architecture and stem biomechanics. Tree Physiol. 19(3):153–163.

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   1. Cullen, Scott

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17. 1. Landsea, Christopher W.

    2000b. How do I convert from mph to knots and m/s? Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqD.html#D4 (accessed 7/25/02).
18. 1. Landsea, Christopher W.

    2000c. What is a super typhoon? Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, NOAA, Miami, FL. (Citing U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center, Guam). http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/tcfaqA.html#A3 (accessed 7/25/02)
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    . 1990. Using wind-deformed conifers to measure wind patterns in alpine transition at GLEES, pp 80–85. In Schmidt, W.C., and K.J. McDonald (Compilers). Proceedings— Symposium on Whitebark Pine Ecosystems: Ecology and Management of a High-Mountain Resource, Bozeman, Montana, March 29-31, 1989. Intermountain Station General Technical Report INT-270.
20. National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST). No date. Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)—Velocity. http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/appenB8.html (accessed 7/25/02).
21. National Climate Data Center (NCDC). 2000. Knots to Miles per Hour Conversion Chart. NOAA, Asheville, NC. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ol/climate/conversion/windchart.html (accessed 7/25/02).
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24. National Weather Service (NWS). 1999. Modified Saffir/Simpson hurricane scale (SSHS) for the northwest Pacific (Appendix A, NWS Operations Manual W/OM12 8/19/99), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/wsom/manual/archives/NC419903.HTML (accessed 7/25/02).
25. National Weather Service (NWS). No date–a. Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/er/box/Saffir.html (accessed 7/25/02).
26. National Weather Service (NWS). No date–b. Beaufort Wind Scale. Storm Prediction Center, NOAA, Norman, OK. http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html (accessed 7/25/02).
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36. ↵
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    1. Wessolly, Lothar

    . 1995. Fracture diagnosis of trees, part 3: Boring is no way for reliable fracture diagnosis (including literature citations for parts 1, 2, and 3). Stadt und Grün 9:635–640.

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    1. Wessolly, Lothar, and
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    . 1998. Handbüch der Baumstatik und Baumkontrolle (in German). Patzer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 270 pp.
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    1. Yoshino, M.M.,
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    . 1976. Bora regions as revealed by wind-shaped trees on the Adriatic Coast, pp 59–71. In Yoshino, M.M. (Ed.). Local Wind Bora. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.
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    1. Yoshino, M.M.

    1975. Wind-shaped trees, Chapter 6.1.3, pp 445—458. In Climate in a Small Area. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.