Occurrence, Associated Symptoms, and Potential Insect Vectors Of The Ash Yellows Phytoplasma in Iowa, U.S.

LITERATURE CITED

1. ↵
   1. Castello J.D.,
   2. S.B. Silverborg, and
   3. P.D. Manion

   . 1985. Intensification of ash decline in New York state from 1962 through 1980. Plant Dis. 69:243–246.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Coleman, A. W.

   1978.Visualization of chloroplast DNA with two fluorochromes. Exp. Cell Res. 114:95–100.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. DeGooyer, T.A.,
   2. L.P Pedigo, and
   3. M.E. Rice

   . 1998. Population dynamics and diurnal activity of potato leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in central Iowa alfalfa. J. Agric. Entomol. 15:53–62.

   OpenUrl
4. ↵
   1. Doi, A.T., and
   2. H.Asuyama

   . 1981. Mycoplasma Diseases ofTrees and Shrubs, pp 135–145. Academic Press, New York, NY. 362 pp.
5. ↵
   1. Doyle, J.J., and
   2. J.L. Doyle

   . 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus (Life Technologies Inc.) 12:13–15.
6. ↵
   1. Ferris, M.A.,
   2. J.D. Castello, and
   3. W.A. Sinclair

   . 1989. Effects of virus and mycoplasmalike organism infection on green and white ash. Phytopathology 79:579–583.

   OpenUrl
7. ↵
   1. Gleason, M.L.,
   2. S.K. Parker,
   3. T.E. Engle,
   4. PH. Flynn,
   5. H.M. Griffiths,
   6. M.A.Vitosh, and
   7. J.K. Iles

   . 1997. Ash yellows occurrence and association with slow growth of green ash in Iowa and Wisconsin cities. J. Arboric. 23:77–82.

   OpenUrl
8. ↵
   1. Gunderson, D.E., and
   2. I.M. Lee

   . 1996. Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assay using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35:144–151.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Hill, G.T., and
   2. W.A. Sinclair

   . 2000. Taxa of leafhoppers carrying phytoplasmas at sites of ash yellows occurrence in New York State. Plant Dis. 84:134–138.

   OpenUrl
10. 1. Hoy, C.W.,
    2. S.E. Heady, and
    3. T.A. Koch

    . 1992. Species composition, phenology, and possible origins of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) in Ohio vegetable crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:2336–2343.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
11. ↵
    1. Lefol C.,
    2. J. Lherminier,
    3. E. Boudon-Padieu,
    4. J. Larrue,
    5. C. Louis, and
    6. A. Caudwell

    . 1994. Propagation of Flavescence doree MLO (mycoplasma-like organism) in the leafhopper vector Euscelidius variegates Kbm. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 63:285–293.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Luley, C.J.,
    2. M.E. Mielke,
    3. J.D. Castello,
    4. C.J. Cummings,
    5. J. Appleby, and
    6. R. Hatcher

    . 1992. Ash crown condition and the incidence of ash yellows and other insect and diseases in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Wisconsin. Plant Dis. 76:1209–1222.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Maixner, M.,
    2. R.C. Pearson,
    3. E. Boudon-Padieu, and
    4. A. Caudwell

    . 1993. Scaphoideus titanus, a possible vector of grapevine yellows in New York. Plant Dis. 77:408–413.

    OpenUrl
14. ↵
    1. Matteoni, J.A., and
    2. WA. Sinclair

    . 1985. Role of the mycoplasmal disease, ash yellows, in decline of white ash in New York state. Phytopathology 75:355–405.

    OpenUrl
15. 1. Hiruki, C.

    1. Matteoni, J.A., and
    2. W.A. Sinclair

    . 1988. Elm yellows and ash yellows, pp. 19–31. In Hiruki, C. (Ed.). Tree Mycoplasmas and Mycoplasma Diseases. University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. 245 pp.
16. ↵
    1. Murral, D.J.,
    2. L.R. Nault,
    3. C.W. Hoy,
    4. L.V Madden, and
    5. S.A. Miller

    . 1996. Effects of temperature and vector age on transmission of two Ohio strains of aster yellows phytoplasma by the aster leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89:1223–1232.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
17. ↵
    1. Nault, L.R., and
    2. J.G. Rodriguez

    . 1985. The Leafhoppers and Planthoppers. Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 500 pp.
18. ↵
    1. Riffle, J.W., and
    2. G.W. Peterson

    . 1986. Diseases of trees in the Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-129. Ft. Collins, CO. 149 pp.
19. SAS Institute. 1998. User’s Manual, version 7.0. SAS Institute, Cary, NC. 754 pp.
20. 1. Sinclair, W.A., and
    2. R.E. Davis

    . 1996. Ash yellows and lilac witches’-broom: Phytoplasmal diseases of concern in forestry and horticulture. Plant Dis. 80:468–475.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Sinclair, W.A.,
    2. R.J. Iuli,
    3. A.T. Dyer,
    4. P.T. Marshall,
    5. J.A. Matteoni,
    6. C.R. Hibben,
    7. G.R. Stanosz, and
    8. B.S. Burns

    . 1990. Ash yellows: Geographic range and association with decline of white ash. Plant Dis. 74:604–607.

    OpenUrl
22. ↵
    1. Sinclair, W.A., and
    2. H.M. Griffiths

    . 1994. Ash yellows and its relationship to dieback and decline of ash. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 32:49–60.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Sinclair, W.A.,
    2. H.M. Griffiths, and
    3. I.M. Lee

    . 1994a. Mycoplasmalike organisms as causes of slow growth and decline of trees and shrubs. J. Arboric. 20:176–189.

    OpenUrl
24. ↵
    1. Sinclair, W.A.,
    2. H.M. Griffiths, and
    3. M.Treshow

    . 1994b. Ash yellows in velvet ash in Zion National Park, Utah: High incidence but low impact. Plant Dis. 78:486–90.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    1. Smart, C.C.,
    2. B. Schneider,
    3. C.L. Blomquist,
    4. L.J. Guerra,
    5. N.A. Harrison,
    6. U.I. Ahrens,
    7. K.H. Loernz,
    8. E. Seemueller, and
    9. B.C. Kirkpatrick

    . 1996. Phytoplasma-specific PCR primers based on sequences of the 16s-23s rRNA spacer region. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2988–2993.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
26. ↵
    1. Whitcomb, R.F., and
    2. J.G. Tully

    1. Tsai, J.H.

    1979. Vector Transmission of Mycoplasmal Agents of Plant Diseases, pp 265–307. In Whitcomb, R.F., and J.G. Tully (Eds.). The Mycoplasmas, Vol. III. Academic Press, New York, NY. 351 pp.

    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
27. ↵
    1. Walla J. A.,
    2. WR. Jacobi,
    3. N.A.Tisserat,
    4. M.O. Harrell,
    5. J.J. Ball,
    6. G.B. Neill,
    7. D.A Reynard,
    8. Y.H. Guo, and
    9. L. Spiegel

    . 2000. Condition of green ash, incidence of ash yellows phytoplasmas, and their association in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions of North America. Plant Dis. 84:268–274.

    OpenUrl
28. ↵
    1. Weber A., and
    2. M. Maixner

    . 1998. Survey of populations of the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign. (Auchenorrhynch: Cixiidae) for infection with phytoplasma causing grapevine yellows in Germany. J. Appl. Entomol. 122:375–381.

    OpenUrl
29. ↵
    1. Woodcock H.,
    2. K.M. Davies Jr.., and
    3. WA. Patterson III.

    . 1997. White ash decline hazard assessment and management strategies in Massachusetts stands. North. J. Appl. For. 14:10–15.

    OpenUrl