Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Actual measurements, predicted responses, and confidence intervals for southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) growing in Santa Monica, California. Equation (2) was used to model leaf area for this and all other species. Equation (1) was used to predict all other dimensions for the species.
- Figure 2.
The municipal trees in Santa Monica are placed into one of six pruning classifications depending upon location and/or growth rates. Photos of sweetgum (top) and cajeput trees (bottom) illustrate the variability in crown height and leaf area. Each pair of trees has similar dbh measurements.
Tables
- Table 1.
Sample size, estimated regression coefficients, and mean standard error values for predicting tree dimensions along with adjusted coefficients of determination for the modeling data set. To predict dimensions use:
,where = the tree dimension to be estimated and xi = age or dbh.Species Common name Diameter at breast height (cm) Height (m) Crown height (m) Crown diameter (m) n mse R2 mse R2 mse R2 mse R2 Callistemon dtrinus lemon bottlebrush 30 0.496 2.038 0.02646 0.71 -0.238 1.768 0.01667 0.64 -0.880 1.805 0.09283 0.23 -0.453 1.805 0.01253 0.71 Cedrus deodara deodar cedar 28 0.895 2.461 0.16457 0.81 0.420 1.658 0.05827 0.82 0.476 1.417 0.08533 0.69 -0.356 1.986 0.05075 0.88 Ceratonia siliqua carob 30 -1.43 4.042 0.07426 0.70 -0.239 1.747 0.02387 0.72 -0.848 1.767 0.10916 0.36 -0.803 2.229 0.02503 0.80 Cinnamomum camphora camphor 28 0.147 2.931 0.08538 0.80 0.293 1.491 0.02189 0.78 0.248 1.109 0.07657 0.35 -1.003 2.486 0.02309 0.90 Cupaniopsis anacardioides carrotwood 30 1.347 1.694 0.09648 0.91 0.742 1.077 0.02694 0.87 -0.256 1.399 0.08580 0.78 -0.349 1.932 0.02931 0.95 Eucalyptus ficifolia red-flowering gum 31 -3.538 5.888 0.04513 0.61 -0.407 1.906 0.04145 0.37 -2.427 2.939 0.11720 0.33 -1.538 2.683 0.02238 0.69 Ficus micrσcarpa laurel fig 33 1.718 1.724 0.02584 0.79 -1.517 2.730 0.01649 0.80 -1.491 2.161 0.08101 0.33 -3.126 3.896 0.02407 0.85 Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda 31 1.544 1.354 0.11433 0.85 0.675 1.070 0.03395 0.78 -0.639 1.671 0.11998 0.71 -0.451 2.094 0.03610 0.93 Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum 33 1.123 1.754 0.05854 0.88 0.551 1.515 0.02049 0.89 0.383 1.188 0.06989 0.59 -0.232 1.726 0.02555 0.89 Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia 30 -0.781 3.436 0.06375 0.89 0.409 1.417 0.01988 0.88 -0.327 1.613 0.07373 0.71 -0.460 2.060 0.02918 0.91 Melaleuca quinquenervia cajeput tree 30 -1.422 4.249 0.03020 0.69 -0.003 1.736 0.01284 0.61 -4.484 4.677 0.14139 0.50 -1.571 2.616 0.02242 0.67 Metrosideros excelsus New Zealand 30 0.731 2.307 0.06686 0.76 -0.162 1.815 0.02884 0.73 -1.845 2.680 0.07627 0.69 -1.655 2.924 0.02411 0.89 Christmas tree Pinus canadensis Canary Island pine 30 1.721 1.808 0.05344 0.91 0.556 1.721 0.03276 0.88 0.411 1.653 0.04567 0.82 -0.410 1.801 0.04928 0.84 Podocarpos macrophyllus yew pine 30 1.268 1.441 0.04087 0.82 0.004 1.667 0.02774 0.76 -0.779 1.991 0.09776 0.56 -0.516 1.849 0.03870 0.74 Schinus terebinthifolius Brazilian pepper 29 1.464 1.749 0.05810 0.53 -0.473 1.910 0.02750 0.56 -0.330 1.365 0.11763 0.11 -0.592 2.048 0.03019 0.57 Tristania conferta Brisbane box 28 1.571 1.313 0.05347 0.88 0.791 1.074 0.02216 0.76 -0.869 1.940 0.17658 0.56 -0.917 2.308 0.04145 0.89 - Table 2.
The coefficient and mean standard error values for predicting tree leaf area using Equation (2) for the modeling data set. To predict leaf area as a function of dbh, use
, where LA = estimated leaf area and EXP = the inverse of the natural logarithm. An example of the 95% confidence bounds for each species is presented by showing the predicted leaf area for the mean dbh for each species sampled and the associated confidence interval.Species Leaf area (m2) n  mse R2 Mean Lower Upper Callistemon citrinus 29 3.398 0.034 0.33762 0.31 34.37 27.47 43.01 Cedrus deodara 23 4.849 0.022 0.23969 0.87 236.99 192.31 292.06 Ceratonia siliqua 30 4.400 0.020 0.24623 0.68 115.61 95.57 139.71 Cinnamomum camphora 28 4.748 0.018 0.28622 0.74 132.44 107.80 162.71 Cupaniopsis anacardioides 29 2.941 0.053 0.28791 0.87 53.13 42.86 65.86 Eucalyptus ftcifolia 31 4.077 0.022 0.23168 0.61 192.78 161.19 230.56 Ficus microcarpa 32 2.481 0.047 0.28770 0.68 116.02 95.40 141.09 Jacaranda mimosifolia 31 2.294 0.080 0.74336 0.75 60.59 44.07 83.29 Liquidambar styraciflua 33 3.544 0.042 0.79971 0.49 87.79 63.97 120.48 Magnolia grandiflora 27 3.337 0.045 0.29087 0.78 82.10 66.13 101.92 Melaleuca quinquenervia 30 2.695 0.042 0.99873 0.31 106.87 87.57 130.42 Metrosideros excelsus 30 2.732 0.053 0.27810 0.82 64.76 43.26 96.93 Pinus canariensis 28 3.793 0.039 0.24881 0.87 290.44 239.88 351.66 Podocarpos macrophyllus 28 2.763 0.060 0.26557 0.68 49.8 40.81 60.76 Schinus terebinthifolius 28 3.634 0.030 0.46873 0.43 116.20 90.20 149.69 Tristania conferta 27 0.529 0.134 0.79614 0.71 35.03 24.37 50.34 - Table 3.
Predicted sizes for all species at 15 and 30 years after planting are shown sorted by fastest growth (dbh) in first 15 years after planting.
Dbh (cm) Height (m) Crown diameter (m) Leaf area (m2) 15 30 15 30 15 30 15 30 Pinus canariensis 36.29 53.43 16.21 19.24 6.90 8.25 154.42 347.02 Ficus macrocarpa 32.74 47.33 6.86 8.95 5.97 8.73 50.58 114.13 Cedrus deodara 32.69 57.85 11.77 16.09 8.04 11.70 126.62 380.86 Schinus terebinthifolius 26.50 38.52 6.23 7.59 6.53 8.08 59.10 106.23 Cinnamomum camphora 24.00 44.93 7.74 10.02 6.79 10.44 71.19 163.72 Cupaniopsis anacardioides 22.70 32.61 7.36 8.24 6.63 8.12 50.66 100.55 Metrosideros excelsus 22.58 36.99 6.26 10.00 4.70 10.01 30.07 190.71 Jacaranda mimosifolia 19.72 26.35 5.95 7.23 5.49 8.04 33.10 108.00 Liquidambar styraciflua 18.93 27.55 9.57 11.37 5.33 6.48 80.86 205.17 Melaleuca quinquenervia 18.65 46.30 6.90 10.43 4.27 6.16 38.07 89.44 Tristania conferta 18.45 24.96 7.22 7.92 5.10 6.22 28.88 68.56 Podocarpus macrophyilus 15.76 21.45 5.73 6.75 6.58 7.90 28.51 47.48 Magnolia grand flora 15.72 32.78 6.59 9.04 5.41 8.56 33.23 108.64 Ceratonia siliqua 15.32 36.39 4.79 7.55 4.47 7.98 32.48 96.10 Callistemon citrinus 13.29 20.56 4.48 5.78 3.74 4.85 20.35 40.74 Eucalyptus ficifolia 12.05 42.48 4.11 8.54 2.73 7.66 20.52 105.27
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