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Research ArticleArticles

Comparing Formulae that Assess Strength Loss Due to Decay in Trees

Brian Kane, Dennis Ryan and David V. Bloniarz
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) March 2001, 27 (2) 78-87; DOI: https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.010
Brian Kane
1PhD Candidate, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003
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Dennis Ryan
2Associate Professor of Urban Forestry and Arboriculture, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003
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David V. Bloniarz
3Urban Forester, USDAFS, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Holdsworth Hall, Amherst, MA 01003
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  • Article
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LITERATURE CITED

  1. ↵
    1. Albers, J., and
    2. E. Hayes
    . 1993. How to Detect, Assess and Correct Hazard Trees in Recreational Areas. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, St. Paul, MN. 63 pp.
  2. ↵
    American Society for Testing and Materials. 1971. D-143 Standard for Testing Small Clear Pieces of Wood. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, part 16. ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
  3. ↵
    1. Bodig, J., and
    2. B.A. Jayne
    . 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. 712 pp.
  4. ↵
    1. Coder, K.D
    . 1989. Should you or shouldn’t you fill tree hollows? Grounds Maint. 24(9):68-70, 98-100.
    OpenUrl
  5. ↵
    Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood Handbook—Wood as an Engineering Material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-113. USDA, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 456 pp.
  6. ↵
    1. Fraedrich, B.R
    . 1999. Tree Risk Management—Hazard Trees. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Charlotte, NC.
  7. ↵
    1. Hoadley, R.B
    . 1980. Understanding Wood. Taunton Press, Newtown, CT. 256 pp.
  8. ↵
    1. Kennard, D.K.,
    2. F.E. Putz, and
    3. M. Niederhofer
    . 1996. The predictability of tree decay based on visual assessments. J. Arboric. 22(6):249-254.
    OpenUrl
  9. ↵
    1. Kollman, F.F.P., and
    2. W.A. Cote Jr.
    1968. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Vol. 1. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY 591 pp.
    OpenUrl
  10. ↵
    1. Wegner, K.F.
    1. Lucas, R.C. et al.
    1984. Outdoor recreation management, pp 801-886. In Wegner, K.F. (Ed). Forestry Handbook (2nd ed.). Wiley, New York, NY. 1335 pp.
  11. ↵
    1. Matheny, N.P., and
    2. J.R. Clark
    . 1994. Evaluation of Hazard Trees in Urban Areas. International Society of Arboriculture. Champaign, IL 85 pp.
  12. ↵
    1. Matheny, N.P., and
    2. J.R. Clark
    . 1999. Advanced Hazard Tree Workshop. Long Island Arboricultural Association. Bayard Cutting Arboretum, Oakdale, NY.
  13. ↵
    1. Mattheck, C., and
    2. H. Breloer
    . 1998. The Body Language of Trees. The Stationery Office. London, England. 240 pp.
  14. ↵
    1. Mattheck, C., and
    2. H. Kubler
    . 1995. Wood: The Internal Optimization of Trees. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. 129 pp.
  15. ↵
    1. Mergen, F.
    1954. Mechanical aspects of wind-breakage and windfirmness. J. For. 52(2): 119-125.
    OpenUrl
  16. ↵
    1. Mills, L.J., and
    2. K. Russel
    . 1981. Detection and correction of hazard trees in Washington’s recreation areas. Washington State Department of Natural Resources. DNR Report No. 42. Olympia, WA. 37 pp.
  17. ↵
    1. Panshin, A.J., and
    2. C. DeZeeuw
    . 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. 722 pp.
  18. ↵
    1. Robbins, K.
    1986. How to Recognize and Reduce Tree Hazards in Recreation Sites. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area. 28 pp.
  19. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L
    . n.d. Tree Hazards. Shigo and Trees, Associates, Durham, NH.
  20. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L
    . 1977. Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 405. 73 pp.
  21. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L
    . 1979. Tree Decay: An Expanded Concept. USDA Forest Service Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 419. 73 pp.
  22. ↵
    1. Shigo, A.L., and
    2. E. vH. Larson
    . 1969. A Photo Guide to the Patterns of Discoloration and Decay in Living Northern Hardwood Trees. 1969. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper NE-127 100 pp.
  23. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T., and
    2. B.R. Fraedrich
    . 1992. Determining strength loss from decay. J. Arboric. 18(4):201-204.
    OpenUrl
  24. ↵
    1. Smiley, E.T., and
    2. B.R. Fraedrich
    . 1993. Hazardous Tree Evaluation and Management. Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories. Charlotte, NC. 36 pp. and app.
  25. ↵
    1. Wagener, WW
    . 1963. Judging Hazards from Native Trees in California Recreational Areas: A Guide for Professional Foresters. USFS Research Paper PSW-P1, 29 pp.
  26. ↵
    1. Wallis, G.,
    2. D. Morrison, and
    3. D. Ross
    . 1980. Tree Hazards in Recreation Sites in British Columbia. B.C. Ministry of Lands, Parks, and Housing. Canadian Forestry Service. Joint Report No. 13. 52 pp.
  27. ↵
    1. Wilcox, W.W
    1978. Review of literature on the effects of early stages of decay on wood strength. Wood Fiber 9(4):252-257.
    OpenUrl
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Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF): 27 (2)
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF)
Vol. 27, Issue 2
March 2001
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Comparing Formulae that Assess Strength Loss Due to Decay in Trees
Brian Kane, Dennis Ryan, David V. Bloniarz
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Mar 2001, 27 (2) 78-87; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2001.010

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Comparing Formulae that Assess Strength Loss Due to Decay in Trees
Brian Kane, Dennis Ryan, David V. Bloniarz
Arboriculture & Urban Forestry (AUF) Mar 2001, 27 (2) 78-87; DOI: 10.48044/jauf.2001.010
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  • Article
    • Abstract
    • STRENGTH LOSS FORMULAE
    • TREE STEM AND WOOD VARIABLES
    • CONCLUSION
    • Acknowledgments
    • LITERATURE CITED
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • References
  • PDF

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Keywords

  • Hazard Tree
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