Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Mortality of (A) second instar and (B) fourth instar gypsy moths confined for 1, 2, and 3 weeks on foliage bearing 1-hour residues of the indicated treatments: (1) NPV low dose, (2) NPV high dose, (3) NPV low dose + 0.1% Blankophor BBH, (4) NPV low dose + 0.5% Blankophor BBH, (5) Bt, (6) azadirachtin, (7) tebufenozide, (8) diflubenzuron, (9) cyfluthrin, (10) untreated controls.
Tables
Treatment and product Dose per 378 L Adjuvants added 1. Gypchek NPV (low) 1011 PIB 2% (vol/vol) Bond sticker 2. Gypchek NPV (standard) 1012 PIB 2% (vol/vol) Bond sticker 3. Gypchek (enhanced) NPV (low) + 0.1% BBH 1011 PIB 2% (vol/vol) Bond sticker 4. Gypchek (enhanced) NPV (low) + 0.5% BBH 1011 PIB 2% (vol/vol) Bond sticker 5. Foray 48B Bacillus thuringiensis No sticker at manufacturer’s suggestion 36 Billion International Units (BIU) = 2.84 L formulated product 6. Azatin 4.5 WP azadirachtin 267 g 0.125% (vol/vol) Dragon spreader-sticker 7. RH-5992 2F tebufenozide 474 mL 0.25% (vol/vol) Bond sticker 8. Dimilin 4L diflubenzuron 59 mL No sticker at manufacturer’s suggestion 9. Tempo 2 cyfluthrin 30 mL 0.25% (vol/vol) Bond sticker 10. Untreated controls Blankophor BBH (BBH) is a stilbene disulfonic acid derivative used as by industry as an optical brightener but was here used as a potentiator of the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). NPV virions (individual virus particles) are contained in protective protein polygons (containing a variable number of virions) called polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB).
- Table 2. Mortality of gypsy moth larvae of the indicated instars confined for 3 weeks on foliage bearing 1-hour residues of the indicated treatments.
Treatment and product Dose per 378 L Gypsy moth instar 1 2 3 4 1. Gypchek NPV (low) 10” PIB 91†† 81† 61† 56† 2. Gypchek NPV (standard) 1012 PIB 85† 81† 78† 61† 3. Gypchek (enhanced) NPV (low) + 0.1% BBH 1011 PIB 97†† 95†† 80† 61† 4. Gypchek (enhanced) NPV (low) + 0.5% BBH 1011 PIB 98†† 97†† 91†† 69† 5. Foray 48B Bt (36 BIU) 2.84 L 98†† 97†† 86†† 78† 6. Azatin 4.5 WP azadirachtin 267 g 97†† 93†† 81† 69† 7. RH-5992 2F tebufenozide 474 mL 100†† 100†† 100†† 100†† 8. Dimilin 4L diflubenzuron 59 mL 100†† 100†† 100†† 99†† 9. Tempo 2 cyfluthrin 30 mL 100†† 100†† 100†† 100† 10. Untreated controls 41 32 40 24 ↵Values followed by at least 1 cross (†) differ significantly from that of the experimental controls at the 0.05 probability level (LSD). Values followed by a double cross (††) are not significantly different from the standard traditional insecticide (Tempo 2) at the 0.05 probability level (LSD).
- Table 3. Mortality of gypsy moth larvae confined on foliage bearing residues of the indicated ages for the indicated treatments.
Treatment Dose per 378 L Age of residue at time of confinement 1 2 7 14 21 28 35 NPV 1011 PIB 45 54 43 33 77† 33 29 NPV 1012 PIB 68† 51 56 39 54 56 48 NPV 1011 PIB + BBH 0.1% 78†† 74† 87†† 43 47 73† 69† NPV 1011 PIB + BBH 0.5% 94†† 87†† 79†† 67† 68† 83†† 80†† Bt (36 BIU) 2.84 L 94†† 93†† 79†† 42 38 57 48 Azadirachtin 267 g 84†† 83†† 100†† 81†† 95†† 61 44 Tebufenozide 474 mL 100†† 100†† 100†† 100†† 100†† 100†† 100†† Diflubenzuron 59 mL 100†† 100†† 100†† 69† 100†† 100†† 100†† Cyfluthrin 30 mL 100†† 100†† 100†† 99†† 100†† 100†† 100†† Untreated controls 41 32 40 24 30 47 46 ↵Values followed by at least 1 cross (†) differ significantly from that of the experimental controls at the 0.05 probability level (LSD). Values followed by a double cross (††) are not significantly different from the standard traditional insecticide (Tempo 2) at the 0.05 probability level (LSD).
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