Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Eggs of the periodical cicada laid in the branch of an urban forest tree (June, 1990).
- Figure 2.
Adult female periodical cicada laying eggs in the branch of an urban forest tree (June, 1990).
- Figure 3.
Ovipositional wound damage due to egg laying by adult female periodical cicadas (August, 1990).
- Figure 4.
Twig breakage on young mountain ash (Sorbus spp.) trees due to ovipositional wound injury by the adult female periodical cicada (August, 1990).
Tables
- Table 1.
Ovipositional wound width reduction (WWR) expressed as a cumulative percentage for urban forest tree species following the 1991-1993 growing seasons.
TREE SPECIES WW (mm) Cumulative % WWR (mm)1 1990 1991 1992 1993 Gleditsia triacanthos 3.95 36.7 49.4 100.0(C) Quercus rubra 4.80 62.1 72.9 100.0(C) Fraxinus pennysivanica 4.95 90.9 100.0 (C) ---- Celtis occidentalis 5.05 69.9 74.5 100.0(C) Malus spp. 6.03 86.7 100.0 (C) ---- Acer platanoides 6.15 96.7 100.0 (C) ----- Acer saccharum 6.28 90.1 100.0 (C) ---- Acer rubrum 6.35 99.2 100.0 (C) ----- Quercus bicolor 6.43 82.9 100.0 (C) ---- Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’ 6.50 93.8 100.0 (C) ---- Liriodendron tulipifera 6.73 97.0 100.0 (C) ----- Quercus macrocarpa 6.81 86.0 100.0 (C) ---- Tilia americana ‘Redmond’ 7.30 57.3 72.6 74.0 Tilia cordata 8.02 55.5 60.1 76.9 Mean 5.94 80.9 87.8 90.2 ↵1 Percent Wound Width Reduction (WWR) is the percent reduction in width as compared to the wound width of the previous growing season. (C)=Wound had closed.
- Table 2.
Summary of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate test statistics for dependent variables for urban forest tree species.
Variable df F P Maximum branch diameter 13,125 10.3 0.0001 Minimum branch diameter 13,125 11.6 0.0001 Wound length 13,125 12.2 0.0001 Wound width 13,125 10.3 0.0001 Wounds per branch 13,125 11.5 0.0001 Percent canopy flagging 13,125 12.0 0.0001 Multivariate Test Statistic Roy’s Greatest Root: Theta =0.740, P=0.00001 - Table 3.
Summary of ranges of ovipositional wound characteristics for 14 urban forest trees (August, 1990).
WOUND CHARACTERSTIC RANGE Maximum branch diameter (MXBD) 9.50-13.84 mm Minimum branch diameter (MNBD) 3.39-5.88 mm Wound length (WL) 3.53-8.19 mm Wound width (WW) 3.95-8.02 mm Wounds per branch (WPB) 5-15 Percent canopy flagging (PCF) 0-24% - Table 4.
Oviposition response by periodical cicadas to contact insecticide application on mountain ash (Sorbus spp.) (June, 1990).
TREATMENTS RATE LBS. A.I./110GAL. MEAN NUMBER OF WOUNDS/BRANCH1,2 Dursban 4E 8.0 fl. oz. 4.9a Sevin 50W 2.0 lbs. 4.1a Empire 20 0.3 gal. 5.1a Mavrik 10.0 fl. oz. 4.7a Tempo 2E 1.5 fl. oz. 5.1a Talstar 10W 2.0 lbs. 2.3a Control ---------- 4.7a
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