Visual inspection of plant parts |
Most exposed-feeding species, including evidence of parasitism and predation. Monitoring tiny pests requires a hand lens |
Branch beating |
Most exposed, readily dislodged species, especially the adults, including leaf beetles, mites, thrips, psyllids, true bugs, leafhoppers, weevils, non-webbing caterpillars, lady beetles, green and brown lacewings |
Sticky traps |
Adult whiteflies, thrips, leafhoppers, psyllids, fungus gnats, Liriomyza spp. leafminers, winged aphids, parasitoids |
Double-sided sticky tape |
Scale crawlers |
Burlap trunk bands |
Adult weevils, gypsy moth larvae |
Pheromone traps |
Adults of certain moths and scales, including clearwing moths, fruittree leafroller, omnivorous looper, Nantucket pine tip moth, gypsy moth, San Jose scale, California red scale |
Pitfall traps |
Adult weevils, predaceous ground beetles |
Timed counts |
Pest individuals that are relatively large and obvious, such as caterpillars, and occur at relatively low density so they are not observed faster than they can be counted |
Honeydew monitoring |
Aphids |
Frass droppings |
Non-webbing caterpillars |
Degree-day monitoring |
Species for which researchers have determined thresholds and rates, including elm leaf beetle, Nantucket pine tip moth, California red scale, San Jose scale |