Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
Hawthorn showing typical one-sided effect due to aerial deicing salts. Note fruit on the side away from the highway and the extensive “brooming” on the side closest.
- Figure 2.
“Witches Broom” on hawthorn caused by dieback of the terminal and the subsequent development of many lateral branches beneath the dead area.
- Figure 3.
Crabapple showing extensive tip dieback.
- Figure 4.
Eastern redcedar approximately thirty feet from the highways edge exhibiting dieback and one-sided habit.
- Figure 5.
Chloride uptake of bean treated with three different rates of sea salt spray. Means compared between rates using Tukey statistic, 5% level (after Williams and Moser).
Tables
- Table 1.
Relative salt tolerance of trees.
[By authors: (1) Buschbom (2), (2) Carpenter (3), (3) Dirr (5,6,7), (4) Hanes, et al (12), (5) Lumis, et al (20,21), (6) Monk and Wiebe (22,23), (7) Pellett (25), (8) Shortle and Rich (28), and (9) Wyman (32,33).]
Species Salt-tolerance rating Good Moderate Poor Abies balsamea — 1 7 Acer campestre 1 6 — Acer ginnala — — 1 Acer negundo — 1,7 5 Acer platanoides 1,3,5,9 7 — Acer pseudoplatanus 9 — 2 Acer rubrum — 5 2,7,8 Acer saccharinum 1 5 7 Acer saccharum 5 — 2,7,8 Acer tataricum — — 1 Aesculus hippocastanum 1,5,9 — — Ailanthus altissima 5,9 — — Alnus glutinosa — 1,2 Alnus incana — — 7 Alnus rugosa — 1,5 2,8 Amelanchier canadensis 9 — — Amelanchier laevis — — 5 Amelanchier species — — 1 Betula allegheniensis 8 — — Betula lenta 8 — — Betula papyrifera 8 5,7 — Betula pendula — 1,7 — Betula populifolia 8 5 — Betula species — 2 — Caragana arborescens 1,5 — — Carpinus betulus — — 1,2 Carpinus caroliniana — — 7,8 Carya ovata 5 — 8 Carya species — — 7 Catalpa speciosa — 5 — Celtis occidentalis — — 1 Cercis canadensis — — 3 Chamaecyparis pisifera — — 1 Corylus species — — 1,2 Crataegus crusgalli 9 — 1 Crataegus species — — 1,5 Elaeagnus angustifolia 1,3,5, 6,7,9 — — Euonymus (tree species) — — 1 Fagus grandlfolia — 2 1,5,7 Fagus sylvatica — — 1,2,7 Fraxinus amerlcana 8 5,7 — Fraxinus excelsior 1 — — Fraxinus pennsylvanica 6 2,7 — Gleditsia triacanthos Inermis 2,3,5,7 — 1 Hippophae rhamnoides 1,9 — — Juglans nigra 5 — 2,7 Juglans regia 5 — 2,7 Juniperus virginiana 8,9 2,7 — Ilex opaca 9 — — Larix decidua 1 — — Larix laricina 5 — — Larix leptolepis 1 — — Larix species — — 2,7 Lirlodendron tulipifera — — 4 Magnolia grandiflora 9 — — Malus baccate — 2,7 — Malus species & cultivars — 3,5 6 Metasequoia glyptostroboides — — 1 Morus alba 2,6,7,9 — 5 Nyssa sylvatica 9 — — Picea abies — 5,7 1 Picea-asperata 9 — — Picea giauca — 2 5 Picea pungens 5 — — Picea pungens glauca 5,9 2 — Pinus banksiana 5 — — Pinus cembra 1 — — Pinus mugo 5 — — Pinus nigra 5,9 — — Pinus ponderosa — 2 — Pinus resinosa — — 5,7,8 Pinus rigida 9 — — Pinus strobus — — 5,7,8 Pinus sylvestris 9 7 1.3 Pinus thunbergii 9 —— — Platanus x hybrida — — 1 Populus alba 1,2,3,7,9 — — Popular alba ‘Pyramidalis’ 3 — — Populus angustifolia 2 — — Populus deltoides 5 2 — Populus grandidentata 8 5 — Populus nigra ‘Italica’ — 5 2,7 Populus tremuloides 8 1,2,5 — Populus species — 5 — Prunus armeniaca 2,6 — — Prunus avium — 1 — Prunus padus 1 — — Prunus serotina 8,9 — 1 Prunus virginiana 5 — — Pseudotsuga menziesii — 1,2 7 Pyrus species — 5 — Quercus alba 2,3,6,7,8,9 — 1 Quercus bicolor — — 1 Quercus macrocarpa 7 1 5 Quercus marilandica 9 — Quercus muhlenbergii — — 1 Quercus palustris — — 1 Quercus robur 2,6 —— 1 Quercus rubra 2,5,7,8 — — Rhamnus catnartica 3,5,9 — — Rhamnus davurica 1 — — Rhamnus frangula 3 5 — Rhus typhina 3,5,9 — — Robinia pseudoacacia 1,3,5,6,7,8,9 — — Robinia pseudoacacia ‘Umbraculifera’ 3 — — Salix alba — 2 1 Salix alba ‘Tristis’ 7 3 — Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’ 3 — — Salix nigra — 5 — Salix species 1,7 — — Sorbus species — 1,5 — Syringe amurensis Japonica 5 — — Tamarix pentandra 1,2,6,7,9 — — Taxus cuspidate — 7 5 Thuja occidentalis — 2 5 Tilia americana — 5 7,8 Tilia cordata — — 2,7 Tilia euchlora — — 1 Tilia platyphyllos 1 — — Tsuga canadensis — — 5,7,8 Ulmus americana — 5,7 8 Ulmus glabra 1,2 — — Ulmus pumila 7 5 — Viburnum species — — 2 Taxon Cl, percent dry wt NaCI Control 0.05N 0.15N Cercis canadensis 0.6 3.6 11.6 Coleus blumei 1.1 6.2 9.4 Hedera helix 0.4 1.4 1.9 Pyracantha coccinea ‘Lalandi’ 0.3 1.7 3.7 Viburnum × burkwoodii 0.3 0.9 2.2
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