Considerations when using Ethephon for Suppressing Dwarf and Leafy Mistletoe Infestations in Ornamental Landscapes

David H. Adams; Susan J. Frankel; John M. Lichter

doi:10.48044/jauf.1993.055

Literature Cited

1.↵
6-Class Mistletoe Rating System (a plastic-laminated card for use in rating dwarf mistletoe infection intensity). May be ordered from: Forest Pest Management, USDA Forest Service, 517 Gold Ave., SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102.
2.↵
1. Alosi, M.C. and
2. C.L. Calvin
. 1984. The anatomy and morphology of the endophytic system of Arceuthobium spp. Biology of Dwarf Mistletoes: Proceedings of the Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. General Technical Report RM-111. pp 40–52.
3.↵
1. Baker, F.A.,
2. K. Knowles,
3. T.R. Meyer, and
4. D.W. French
. 1989. Aerial applications of ethylene-releasing chemicals fail to promote abscission of dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots on jack pine. The Forestry Chronicle. 194–195.
4.↵
1. Beatty, J.S.,
2. H. Maffei,
3. E. Collins, and
4. M. Christian
. 1988. V. Ethephon tests for ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe in New Mexico. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.
5.↵
1. Berry, A.M.,
2. S.S. Han,
3. L.L. Dodge,
4. M.S. Reid, and
5. J.M. Lichter
. 1989. Control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron spp) with ethephon. Proceedings: 1st Annual Conference. Western Plant Growth Regulator Society. Ontario, CA. January 18-19.
6.↵
1. Berry, A.M.,
2. J.M. Lichter, and
3. M.S. Reid
. 1992. New Methods for Mistletoe Control. Final Report, Elvenia J. Slossen Endowment Fund.
7.↵
1. Frankel, S. and
2. D. Adams
. 1989. Reduction of dwarf mistletoe with the plant growth regulator ethephon. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management. Report No. 89-1.
8.↵
1. Frankel, S. and
2. D. Adams
. 1991. Efficacy of ethephon (Florel®) for reduction of western dwarf mistletoe one year after treatment. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management. Report R91-03.
9.↵
1. Frankel, S.,
2. D. Adams,
3. S. Sayers, and
4. D. McNamera
. 1990. Removal of western dwarf mistletoe shoots on Jeffrey and ponderosa pine using ethephon (Florel®) on two California state forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management. Report No. R90-09.
10.↵
1. Han, S.,
2. A.M. Berry, and
3. M.S. Reid
. 1988. New ways to control mistletoe. Proceedings: Fortieth Annual California Weed Conference. Red Lion Inn, Sacramento.
11.↵
1. Hawksworth, F. G. and
2. R. Fletcher
. 1989. Kiss of death for mistletoes. Forestry Research West. USDA-Forest Service
12.↵
1. Hawksworth, F.G. and
2. B.W. Geils
. 1990. How long do mistletoe-infected ponderosa pines live?Westem Journal of Applied Forestry 5(2):47–48.
OpenUrl
13.↵
1. Hawksworth, F.G. and
2. R.G. Scharpf
. 1981. Phoradendron on conifers. USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 164.
14.↵
1. Hawksworth, F. G. and
2. D. Wiens
. 1972. Biology and Classification of Dwarf Mistletoes (Arceuthobium). Agriculture Handbook No. 401. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
15.↵
1. Johnson, D.W.
1992. Effects of application rate and timing of ethephon treatments on abscission of ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe 4 years following treatment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Renewable Resources. Technical Report R2-54.
16.↵
1. Johnson, D.W. and
2. F.G. Hawksworth
. 1988. Reduction of ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe with the plant growth regulator ethephon. Technical Report R2-42. Timber, Forest Pest and Cooperative Forestry Management, Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service
17.↵
1. Johnson, D.W. and
2. D.M. Hildebrand
. 1988. IV. Ethephon tests for ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe in Colorado. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah.
18.
1. Joyce, D.C.,
2. K. Rein,
3. A.M. Berry, and
4. M.S. Reid
. 1986. Control of broadleaf mistletoe (Phoradendron tomentosum) with dormant season ethephon sprays. Acta Horticulture 201:141–144
OpenUrl
19.↵
1. Knutson, D.M.
1978. Biological and chemical control of dwarf mistletoe. Proceedings of the Symposium on Dwarf Mistletoe Control through Forest Management. General Technical Report PSW-31. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California.
20.↵
1. Knutson, D.M.
1984. Seed development, germination behavior and infection characteristics of several species of Arceuthobium. Biology of Dwarf Mistletoes: Proceedings of the Symposium. USDA forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. General Technical Report RM-111. pp 77–84.
21.↵
1. Kuijt, J.
1960. Morphological aspects of parasitism in the in the dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium). University of California Publications in Botany 30(5):337–436.
OpenUrl
22.↵
1. Lichter, J.M.
1990. New methods for mistletoe control/The biology of young mistletoe plants. MS thesis. Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California at Davis. 85p.
23.↵
1. Lichter, J.M. and
2. A.M. Berry
. 1989. New methods for mistletoe control: a look at ethephon and glyphosate. Growing Points, November, p. 2–3.
24.↵
1. Lichter, J.M. and
2. A.M. Berry
. 1990. Update on mistletoe control. Growing Points, July. p. 1–2.
25.↵
1. Lichter, J.M.,
2. M.S. Reid, and
3. A.M. Berry
. 1991. New methods for control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron spp.) on landscape trees. J. Arboric. 17(5):l27–130.
OpenUrl
26.
1. Livingston, W.H.,
2. R.A. Blanchette,
3. M.L. Brenner, and
4. K.J. Zuzek
. 1985. Effective use of ethylene-releasing agents to prevent spread of Eastern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) on black spruce Picea mariana. Can J. For. Res 10(5):872–876.
OpenUrl
27.↵
1. Livingston, W.H. and
2. M.L. Brenner
. 1983. Ethephon stimulates abscission of eastern dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots on black spruce. Plant Disease 67(8) 909–910.
OpenUrl
28.
1. McCartney, W.O.
1968. European mistletoe, Viscum album, an unusual phanerogamic parasite in California. Plant Disease Reporter 52(3):l98–201.
OpenUrl
29.↵
Monterey, Florel® Brand FRUIT ELIMINATOR label and crop use sheet. No date. “Manufactured for Lawn and Garden Products, Inc., Fresno, California”
30.↵
1. Nicholls, T.
1988. III. Ethephon tests for lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe in Colorado. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.
31.↵
1. Nicholls, T.H.,
2. L. Egeland,
3. F.G. Hawksworth,
4. D.W. Johnson, and
5. M.K. Robbins
. 1987. Control of dwarf mistletoes with a plant growth regulator. Proceedings of a Technical Conference on Management of Subalpine Forests: Building on 50 Years of Research. Silver Creek, CO. USDA-Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-149.
32.↵
1. Parks, C.A. and
2. J.T. Hoffman
. 1988. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.
33.
1. Parks, C.A. and
2. J.T. Hoffman
. 1991. Control of western dwarf mistletoe with the plant-growth regulator ethephon. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Research Note 506.
34.↵
1. Perry, E.
(ed.). 1988. Pruning Standards. Western Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture. 6p.
35.↵
Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. 1989. Label: Chipco® Florel® Pro. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
36.↵
Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. 1990. FLOREL® brand PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR, MSDS (1/90); and “Florel® Plant Growth Regulator” information sheet (3/90). Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
37.↵
1. Robbins, K.,
2. D.W. Johnson,
3. F.G. Hawksworth, and
4. T.H. Nicholls
. 1989. Aerial application of ethephon is ineffective in controlling lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4:127–128.
OpenUrl
38.↵
1. Scharpf, R.F. and
2. F.G. Hawksworth
. 1947. Mistletoes on hardwoods in the United States. USDA Forest Service, Forest Pest Leaflet 147.
39.↵
1. Torngren, T.S.,
2. E.J. Perry, and
3. C.L. Elmore
. 1980. Mistletoe control in shade trees. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Leaflet 2571.
40.↵
1. Vrabel, T.E.
1988. II. Chemistry, mode of action, safety, uses, and registration status of ethephon for dwarf mistletoes. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.
41.
1. Weise, A.M.
1988. VIII. Control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron tomentosum) with ethephon. Thirty-sixth annual Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.

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[1] 1.↵
6-Class Mistletoe Rating System (a plastic-laminated card for use in rating dwarf mistletoe infection intensity). May be ordered from: Forest Pest Management, USDA Forest Service, 517 Gold Ave., SW, Albuquerque, NM 87102.

[2] 2.↵
Alosi, M.C. and
C.L. Calvin
. 1984. The anatomy and morphology of the endophytic system of Arceuthobium spp. Biology of Dwarf Mistletoes: Proceedings of the Symposium. USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. General Technical Report RM-111. pp 40–52.

[3] Alosi, M.C. and

[4] C.L. Calvin

[5] 3.↵
Baker, F.A.,
K. Knowles,
T.R. Meyer, and
D.W. French
. 1989. Aerial applications of ethylene-releasing chemicals fail to promote abscission of dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots on jack pine. The Forestry Chronicle. 194–195.

[6] Baker, F.A.,

[7] K. Knowles,

[8] T.R. Meyer, and

[9] D.W. French

[10] 4.↵
Beatty, J.S.,
H. Maffei,
E. Collins, and
M. Christian
. 1988. V. Ethephon tests for ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe in New Mexico. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.

[11] Beatty, J.S.,

[12] H. Maffei,

[13] E. Collins, and

[14] M. Christian

[15] 5.↵
Berry, A.M.,
S.S. Han,
L.L. Dodge,
M.S. Reid, and
J.M. Lichter
. 1989. Control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron spp) with ethephon. Proceedings: 1st Annual Conference. Western Plant Growth Regulator Society. Ontario, CA. January 18-19.

[16] Berry, A.M.,

[17] S.S. Han,

[18] L.L. Dodge,

[19] M.S. Reid, and

[20] J.M. Lichter

[21] 6.↵
Berry, A.M.,
J.M. Lichter, and
M.S. Reid
. 1992. New Methods for Mistletoe Control. Final Report, Elvenia J. Slossen Endowment Fund.

[22] Berry, A.M.,

[23] J.M. Lichter, and

[24] M.S. Reid

[25] 7.↵
Frankel, S. and
D. Adams
. 1989. Reduction of dwarf mistletoe with the plant growth regulator ethephon. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management. Report No. 89-1.

[26] Frankel, S. and

[27] D. Adams

[28] 8.↵
Frankel, S. and
D. Adams
. 1991. Efficacy of ethephon (Florel®) for reduction of western dwarf mistletoe one year after treatment. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management. Report R91-03.

[29] Frankel, S. and

[30] D. Adams

[31] 9.↵
Frankel, S.,
D. Adams,
S. Sayers, and
D. McNamera
. 1990. Removal of western dwarf mistletoe shoots on Jeffrey and ponderosa pine using ethephon (Florel®) on two California state forests. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Forest Pest Management. Report No. R90-09.

[32] Frankel, S.,

[33] D. Adams,

[34] S. Sayers, and

[35] D. McNamera

[36] 10.↵
Han, S.,
A.M. Berry, and
M.S. Reid
. 1988. New ways to control mistletoe. Proceedings: Fortieth Annual California Weed Conference. Red Lion Inn, Sacramento.

[37] Han, S.,

[38] A.M. Berry, and

[39] M.S. Reid

[40] 11.↵
Hawksworth, F. G. and
R. Fletcher
. 1989. Kiss of death for mistletoes. Forestry Research West. USDA-Forest Service

[41] Hawksworth, F. G. and

[42] R. Fletcher

[43] 12.↵
Hawksworth, F.G. and
B.W. Geils
. 1990. How long do mistletoe-infected ponderosa pines live?Westem Journal of Applied Forestry 5(2):47–48.
OpenUrl

[44] Hawksworth, F.G. and

[45] B.W. Geils

[46] 13.↵
Hawksworth, F.G. and
R.G. Scharpf
. 1981. Phoradendron on conifers. USDA Forest Service, Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 164.

[47] Hawksworth, F.G. and

[48] R.G. Scharpf

[49] 14.↵
Hawksworth, F. G. and
D. Wiens
. 1972. Biology and Classification of Dwarf Mistletoes (Arceuthobium). Agriculture Handbook No. 401. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

[50] Hawksworth, F. G. and

[51] D. Wiens

[52] 15.↵
Johnson, D.W.
1992. Effects of application rate and timing of ethephon treatments on abscission of ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe 4 years following treatment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Renewable Resources. Technical Report R2-54.

[53] Johnson, D.W.

[54] 16.↵
Johnson, D.W. and
F.G. Hawksworth
. 1988. Reduction of ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe with the plant growth regulator ethephon. Technical Report R2-42. Timber, Forest Pest and Cooperative Forestry Management, Rocky Mountain Region, USDA Forest Service

[55] Johnson, D.W. and

[56] F.G. Hawksworth

[57] 17.↵
Johnson, D.W. and
D.M. Hildebrand
. 1988. IV. Ethephon tests for ponderosa pine dwarf mistletoe in Colorado. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah.

[58] Johnson, D.W. and

[59] D.M. Hildebrand

[60] 18.
Joyce, D.C.,
K. Rein,
A.M. Berry, and
M.S. Reid
. 1986. Control of broadleaf mistletoe (Phoradendron tomentosum) with dormant season ethephon sprays. Acta Horticulture 201:141–144
OpenUrl

[61] Joyce, D.C.,

[62] K. Rein,

[63] A.M. Berry, and

[64] M.S. Reid

[65] 19.↵
Knutson, D.M.
1978. Biological and chemical control of dwarf mistletoe. Proceedings of the Symposium on Dwarf Mistletoe Control through Forest Management. General Technical Report PSW-31. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California.

[66] Knutson, D.M.

[67] 20.↵
Knutson, D.M.
1984. Seed development, germination behavior and infection characteristics of several species of Arceuthobium. Biology of Dwarf Mistletoes: Proceedings of the Symposium. USDA forest Service, Fort Collins, CO. General Technical Report RM-111. pp 77–84.

[68] Knutson, D.M.

[69] 21.↵
Kuijt, J.
1960. Morphological aspects of parasitism in the in the dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium). University of California Publications in Botany 30(5):337–436.
OpenUrl

[70] Kuijt, J.

[71] 22.↵
Lichter, J.M.
1990. New methods for mistletoe control/The biology of young mistletoe plants. MS thesis. Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California at Davis. 85p.

[72] Lichter, J.M.

[73] 23.↵
Lichter, J.M. and
A.M. Berry
. 1989. New methods for mistletoe control: a look at ethephon and glyphosate. Growing Points, November, p. 2–3.

[74] Lichter, J.M. and

[75] A.M. Berry

[76] 24.↵
Lichter, J.M. and
A.M. Berry
. 1990. Update on mistletoe control. Growing Points, July. p. 1–2.

[77] Lichter, J.M. and

[78] A.M. Berry

[79] 25.↵
Lichter, J.M.,
M.S. Reid, and
A.M. Berry
. 1991. New methods for control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron spp.) on landscape trees. J. Arboric. 17(5):l27–130.
OpenUrl

[80] Lichter, J.M.,

[81] M.S. Reid, and

[82] A.M. Berry

[83] 26.
Livingston, W.H.,
R.A. Blanchette,
M.L. Brenner, and
K.J. Zuzek
. 1985. Effective use of ethylene-releasing agents to prevent spread of Eastern dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum) on black spruce Picea mariana. Can J. For. Res 10(5):872–876.
OpenUrl

[84] Livingston, W.H.,

[85] R.A. Blanchette,

[86] M.L. Brenner, and

[87] K.J. Zuzek

[88] 27.↵
Livingston, W.H. and
M.L. Brenner
. 1983. Ethephon stimulates abscission of eastern dwarf mistletoe aerial shoots on black spruce. Plant Disease 67(8) 909–910.
OpenUrl

[89] Livingston, W.H. and

[90] M.L. Brenner

[91] 28.
McCartney, W.O.
1968. European mistletoe, Viscum album, an unusual phanerogamic parasite in California. Plant Disease Reporter 52(3):l98–201.
OpenUrl

[92] McCartney, W.O.

[93] 29.↵
Monterey, Florel® Brand FRUIT ELIMINATOR label and crop use sheet. No date. “Manufactured for Lawn and Garden Products, Inc., Fresno, California”

[94] 30.↵
Nicholls, T.
1988. III. Ethephon tests for lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe in Colorado. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.

[95] Nicholls, T.

[96] 31.↵
Nicholls, T.H.,
L. Egeland,
F.G. Hawksworth,
D.W. Johnson, and
M.K. Robbins
. 1987. Control of dwarf mistletoes with a plant growth regulator. Proceedings of a Technical Conference on Management of Subalpine Forests: Building on 50 Years of Research. Silver Creek, CO. USDA-Forest Service. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. General Technical Report RM-149.

[97] Nicholls, T.H.,

[98] L. Egeland,

[99] F.G. Hawksworth,

[100] D.W. Johnson, and

[101] M.K. Robbins

[102] 32.↵
Parks, C.A. and
J.T. Hoffman
. 1988. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.

[103] Parks, C.A. and

[104] J.T. Hoffman

[105] 33.
Parks, C.A. and
J.T. Hoffman
. 1991. Control of western dwarf mistletoe with the plant-growth regulator ethephon. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Research Note 506.

[106] Parks, C.A. and

[107] J.T. Hoffman

[108] 34.↵
Perry, E.
(ed.). 1988. Pruning Standards. Western Chapter of the International Society of Arboriculture. 6p.

[109] Perry, E.

[110] 35.↵
Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. 1989. Label: Chipco® Florel® Pro. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.

[111] 36.↵
Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. 1990. FLOREL® brand PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR, MSDS (1/90); and “Florel® Plant Growth Regulator” information sheet (3/90). Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.

[112] 37.↵
Robbins, K.,
D.W. Johnson,
F.G. Hawksworth, and
T.H. Nicholls
. 1989. Aerial application of ethephon is ineffective in controlling lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 4:127–128.
OpenUrl

[113] Robbins, K.,

[114] D.W. Johnson,

[115] F.G. Hawksworth, and

[116] T.H. Nicholls

[117] 38.↵
Scharpf, R.F. and
F.G. Hawksworth
. 1947. Mistletoes on hardwoods in the United States. USDA Forest Service, Forest Pest Leaflet 147.

[118] Scharpf, R.F. and

[119] F.G. Hawksworth

[120] 39.↵
Torngren, T.S.,
E.J. Perry, and
C.L. Elmore
. 1980. Mistletoe control in shade trees. University of California, Division of Agricultural Sciences, Leaflet 2571.

[121] Torngren, T.S.,

[122] E.J. Perry, and

[123] C.L. Elmore

[124] 40.↵
Vrabel, T.E.
1988. II. Chemistry, mode of action, safety, uses, and registration status of ethephon for dwarf mistletoes. Thirty-sixth annual Western International Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.

[125] Vrabel, T.E.

[126] 41.
Weise, A.M.
1988. VIII. Control of leafy mistletoe (Phoradendron tomentosum) with ethephon. Thirty-sixth annual Forest Disease Work Conference. Park City, Utah. Sept. 19–23.

[127] Weise, A.M.

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Considerations when using Ethephon for Suppressing Dwarf and Leafy Mistletoe Infestations in Ornamental Landscapes

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