Structural failure | branch, crown and stem failure, uprooting, decay, girdling |
Environmental degradation |
Acute | flooding, fire, vandalism, construction injury, drought, high or low temperature |
Chronic | soil toxicity, soil compaction, air pollution, restricted growing space, low fertility, severe pruning |
Parasitic invasion | insect, fungus, bacterium, virus, mycoplasma-like organism, parasitic plant |