WHITLOW, T.H., N.S. BASSUK, D.A. RAKOW and T.G. RANNEY. 1989. Choosing ornamental trees for dry urban sites. Grounds Maintenance 24(4):20, 22-25, 129.
In this article, we discuss factors that make a site dry, ways in which trees cope with dryness, and some less common species adapted to dry conditions. The focus will be on urban trees in the northeastern and north central United States. This is not to slight the rest of the country, but rather to acknowledge that in arid regions, the landscape industry is used to selecting appropriate plant material and designing for irrigation. In the Northeast where rainfall is abundant and year around, tree water requirements are frequently neglected in landscape design. Furthermore, plant selection for drought-susceptible sites in the North is problematic, because species suited to arid regions typically lack the necessary cold hardiness.
HOLMES, F.W. 1988. Winter injury to shade trees. Arbor Age (11):28, 37.
During the harsh winter season, the trees are susceptible to injuries from many exterior forces. A late frost, after the tree begins leafing out in the spring, may cause the young foliage to turn black and die. Another winter-related injury is cambial death. It stems from attempts to grow trees at a latitude too far north. Root death occurs from deep cold, when there is an absence of adequate snow cover. Ring shake is a separation of two wood layers, resulting in a minor cold injury during the winter. The drying effect of cold can also be deadly. Many winter hazards are unavoidable, but proper care and a little preventative medicine will keep most of your trees healthy and strong throughout the year.
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