Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
A well shaded street typifying the goal of most street tree plans.
- Figure 2.
Street trees (Pinus canariensis, foreground) will eventually grow to block substantial radiation from collectors on this solar house.
- Figure 3.
Example of solar occlusion by a deciduous tree crown.
- Figure 4.
Simulation geometry for street tree canopy.
- Figure 5.
Specifications for a “typical” deciduous, nonspecies-specific tree.
- Figure 6
Solar radiation on a horizontal surface for five test climates.
- Figure 7
Heating/cooling degree days (65°F Base) for five test climates.
- Figure 8.
Actual dollar increase or reduction in annual energy costs due to deciduous trees over a "no trees" condition for solar and conventional houses.
- Figure 9.
Percent increase or reduction in annual energy costs due to deciduous trees over a "no trees" condition for solar and conventional houses.
- Figure 10
Bird′s eye view of a solar development with tree canopy planned for solar access.
Tables
CONVENTIONAL HOUSE 
SOLAR HOUSE FLOOR AREA: 1502 sq. ft 1500 sq. ft WINDOW AREA: South 50 sq. ft 144 sq. ft East 15 20 West 43 33 North 99 64 WINDOW/WALL SHADE COEFFICIENT: South .68 sum, .40 wi .20 sum, .90 win East 1.0 sum/win .30 sum, 1.0 win West 1.0 sum/wint .30 sum, 1.0 win North .89 sum/win 1.0 sum/win WALL AREA (NET): South 377 sq. ft 398 sq. ft. East 324 400 West 258 387 North 263 514 INSULATION: Roof/Ceiling R-21 (1516 sq. ft.) R-31 (1224 sq. ft.) Walls R-I2.5 R-21 Slab Perimeter R-1.0 (176 1. ft.) R-1.0 (146 1. ft.) Windows R-0.9 R-4 (south only) EQUIVALENT THERMAL MASS: Sunlit Slab 0 sq. ft., 0 lbs 195 sq. ft., 9100 lbs Shaded Slab 126 sq. ft., 5880 lbs. 551 sq. ft., 25700 lbs. Carpeted Slab 1376 sq. ft., 64200 lbs. 483 sq. ft., 22500 lbs. Fireplace 56 sq. ft., 1680 lb ----- INFILTRATION RATE: 0.75 air changes/hour 0.60 air changes/hour VENTILATION RATE: 8 air changes/hour 10 air changes/hour GAS FURNACE EFFICIENCY: .70 .70 AIRCONDITIONER EFFICIENCY: EER = 8 EER = 8 THERMOSTAT SETTINGS: 68°F low, 78°F high 68°F low, 78°F high CONVENTIONAL D.H.W. EFFICIENCY: .70 .70 SOLAR D.H.W. COLLECTOR AREA: ----- 44 sq. ft HOT WATER USAGE: 18 gal/person/day 18 gal/person/day OCCUPANTS: 4 4 ENERGY COSTS: Natural Gas (Heating & DHW) $0.471/Therm $0.471/Therm Electricity (Cooling) $0.07/kwh $0.07/kwh LATITUDE ALTITUDE NEED FOR WINTER SPACE HEATING NEED FOR SUMMER SPACE COOUNG AVAILABLE ANNUAL RADIATION TRUCKEE 39°20′ 5.820′ HIGH NONE MODERATE EUREKA 40°48′ 43′ MODERATELY HIGH NONE MODERATELY LOW SACRAMENTO 38°35′ 25′ MODERATE MODERATE MODERATE SANTA BARBARA 34°26′ 33′ LOW VERY LOW MODERATE PALM SPRINGS 33°51′ 475′ VERY LOW VERY HIGH VERY HIGH - Table 3.
Annual energy costs for heating, cooling, and domestic hot water for conventional and solar test houses under various street tree conditions.
CONVENTIONAL HOUSE SOLAR HOUSE Tree Foliation Period Tree Foliation Period No Trees May-Sept. Apr-Oct. Mar-Nov. No Trees May-Sept. Apr-Oct. Mar-Nov. SACRAMENTO Space Heating 282.46 295.04 296.56 301.68 57.83 80.93 81.00 90.12 Space Cooling 241.46 212.32 211.16 210.96 54.12 47.81 47.78 47.77 Domestic Hot Water 103.11 103.11 103.11 103.11 26.12 42.21 47.1 52.92 TOTAL 627.03 610.47 610.83 615.75 138.07 170.95 175.89 190.81 PALM SPRINGS Space Heating 69.92 75.38 75.38 75.66 0.62 1.25 1.25 1.25 Space Cooling 733.35 671.37 667.94 666.50 318.75 304.09 303.99 303.92 Domestic Hot Water 103.11 103.11 103.11 103.11 14.01 29.15 33.0 38.73 TOTAL 906.38 849.86 846.43 845.27 333.38 334.49 338.25 343.90 SANTA BARBARA Space Heating 158.67 175.30 176.02 182.85 1.78 8.45 8.46 11.75 Space Cooling 9.75 8.08 8.04 7.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 Domestic Hot Water 103.11 103.11 103.11 103.11 23.43 37.97 39.61 46.99 TOTAL 271.53 286.49 287.17 293.92 25.21 46.42 48.07 58.74 EUREKA Space Heating 523.17 553.55 559.16 564.13 114.08 166.78 180.11 191.90 Space Cooling 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 Domestic Hot Water 103.11 103.11 103.11 103.11 43.37 57.75 61.89 65.66 TOTAL 626.29 656.67 662.28 667.25 157.45 157.45 242.00 257.56 TRUCKEE Space Heating 844.77 877.17 883.16 889.00 329.58 381.57 395.79 411.42 Space Cooling 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 000.00 Domestic Hot Water 103.11 103.11 103.11 103.11 28.43 45.19 49.95 55.75 TOTAL 947.88 980.28 986.27 992.11 358.01 426.76 445.74 445.74
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